1 musical instrument. The history of the emergence of musical instruments
Surprisingly, the person himself is considered the first musical instrument, and the sound he makes is his own voice. Primitive people, using their voice, informed their fellow tribesmen about their emotions and conveyed information. At the same time, in order to add brightness to their story, they clapped their hands, stamped their feet, knocked with stones or sticks. Gradually, ordinary objects surrounding a person began to transform into musical instruments.
According to the method of sound extraction, musical instruments can be divided into percussion, wind and strings. How and when people first began to use objects to create music is unknown. But historians suggest the following development of events.
Percussion instruments were made from carefully dried animal skins and various hollow objects: shells of large fruits, large wooden decks. People beat them with sticks, palms, fingers. Extracted melodies were used in rituals and military operations.
Wind instruments were made from animal horns, bamboo and reed reeds, and hollow animal bones. Such objects became a musical instrument when a person thought of making special holes in them. In the south-west of Germany, the remains of an ancient flute were found, the age of which is more than 35 thousand years! Moreover, references to such tools are found in ancient rock paintings.
The hunting bow is considered the first stringed instrument. An ancient hunter, pulling the bowstring, noticed that from a pinch it begins to "sing". And if you hold the animal with your fingers along the stretched vein, it "sings" even better. The sound will be long if the vein is rubbed with the hair of the animal. So a man invented a bow and a stick with a bun of hair pulled over it, which was led along a string of animal veins.
The oldest, with an age of more than 4500 years, are the lyre and the harp, which were used by many peoples of that time. Of course, it's impossible to say exactly what those old instruments looked like. One thing is clear that musical instruments, albeit rather primitive, were part of the culture of primitive people.
The first convincing evidence of musical experiments dates back to the Paleolithic era, when people learned to make instruments from stone, bone and wood in order to produce various sounds with their help. Later, sounds were extracted using a faceted rib from the bone, and this sound emitted resembled the grinding of teeth. Rattles were also made from skulls, which were filled with seeds or dried berries. This sound often accompanied the funeral procession.
The most ancient musical instruments were drums. The idnophone - an ancient percussion instrument - arose during the formation of speech in ancient people. The duration of the sound and its repeated repetition were associated with the rhythm of the heartbeat. In general, for ancient people, music is, first of all, rhythm.
After the drums, wind instruments were invented. The ancient prototype of the flute (20,000 BC) discovered in Asturis is striking in its perfection. Side holes were knocked out in it, and the principle of sound production was the same as that of modern flutes.
Stringed instruments were also invented in ancient times. The depictions of ancient strings have been preserved on numerous rock paintings, most of which are in the Pyrenees. Thus, in the Cogul cave, next to it, there are “dancing” figures, “carrying bows”. The "lyre player" struck the strings with the edge of a bone or wood, producing a sound. It is curious that in the chronology of development, the invention of stringed instruments and dance occupy the same time space.
At this time, an aerophone appears - an instrument made of bone or stone, the appearance of which resembles a rhombus or a spearhead.
Threads were threaded and fastened into the holes in the tree, after which the musician ran his hand along these threads, twisting them. The result was a sound that resembled a hum. Most often they played on the aerophone in the evenings. The sound emanating from this instrument resembled the voice of spirits. This instrument was improved during the Mesolithic era (3000 BC). Now you can sound two and three sounds at the same time. This was achieved by cutting vertical holes. Despite the primitiveness of the method of making such instruments, this technique has been preserved for a long time in parts of Oceania, Africa and Europe.
Among the musical instruments used by ancient civilizations, we find winds: flutes (tigtigi) and oboe (abub). We know that the people of Mesopotamia, like the Egyptians, possessed a high technique of making wind instruments from reed. They have modified tools throughout their civilization. Soon, along with the flute, the pisik was invented, which contributed to the emergence of the oboe. In this instrument, the sound was produced by the rapid vibration of the air in the chisel, and not from the blows of air currents on the mouthpiece, as is the case in flutes. Of the strings, lyres (algar) and harps (zagsal), which were still very small in size, were widely used.
Often the body of a musical instrument was painted. We see confirmation of this in the exhibits found in the tombs of the state of Ur (2500 BC). One of them is in the British Museum. Many percussion instruments are also striking. This is often evidenced by iconography, bas-reliefs, dishes, vases, steles. As a rule, the painting on them indicates the use of big drums and small timpani, as well as castanets and sistres. Later exhibits also feature cymbals and bells.
Instruments and repertoire were inherited by the next generations living in the territory of Mesopotamia. By 2000 BC. the Assyrians improved the harp and soR · the prototype of the first lute (pantur) was given.
Life is short, art is eternal.
The first convincing evidence of musical instruments dates back to the Paleolithic era, when people learned how to make instruments from stone, bone and wood in order to use them to produce various sounds. Later, sounds were extracted using a faceted rib from the bone (this sound emitted resembled grinding teeth). They also made skull rattles that were filled with seeds or dried berries. This sound often accompanied the funeral procession. The most ancient instruments were drums. The idiophone is an ancient percussion instrument. The duration of the sound and its repeated repetition were associated with the rhythm of the heartbeat. In general, for ancient people, music is, first of all, rhythm. After the drums, wind instruments were invented. The ancient prototype of the flute (37,000 years old) discovered in Asturis is striking in its perfection. Side holes were knocked out in it, and the principle of sound production is the same as that of modern flutes !!!
Stringed instruments were also invented in ancient times. Images of ancient strings have survived on numerous rock paintings, most of which are located in the Pyrenees. So, in the Gogul cave, "dancing" figures, "carrying bows" are represented nearby. The "lyre player" struck the strings with the edge of a bone or wood, producing a sound. In the chronology of development, the invention of stringed instruments and dance occupy the same time space.
In one of the caves in Italy, scientists found footprints on petrified clay.
The tracks were strange: people either walked on their heels or bounced on tiptoe on both feet at once. It is easy to explain: a hunting dance was performed there. The hunters danced to the formidable and exciting music, imitating the movements of powerful, dexterous and cunning animals. They selected words to the music and in songs they talked about themselves, about their ancestors, about what they saw around.
At this time, an aerophone appears - an instrument made of bone or stone, the appearance of which resembles a rhombus or a spearhead.
Threads were made and fastened into the holes in the tree, after which the musician ran his hand along these threads, twisting them. The result was a sound that resembled a hum (this hum resembled the voice of spirits). This instrument was improved in the Mesolithic era (XXX century BC). Now you can sound two and three sounds at the same time. This was achieved by cutting vertical holes. Despite the primitiveness of the method of making such instruments, this technique remained for a long time in some parts of Oceania, Africa and Europe !!!
A completely preserved flute, 37 thousand years old, made from the bone of a bird of prey, was discovered in a cave in the Swabian Alb in southwestern Germany.
The surviving flute with five holes for fingers and a V-shaped "mouthpiece" was made from the radial bone of a predatory subspecies of a griffin (presumably a griffon vulture - author). Also, together with her, archaeologists found pieces of several more flutes, but made already from the bones of a mammoth.
A bird bone musical instrument has been found in a region where similar instruments have previously been found, said study leader Nicholas Conard of the University of Tübingen, but the flute is "the best preserved ever found in caves." Until now, such ancient artifacts have come across extremely rarely, and most importantly, they did not allow establishing the date of the appearance of music as a cultural phenomenon in the everyday life of mankind.
To establish the most accurate dating of the recovered instruments, independent laboratory analyzes were carried out in Germany and the UK. And in both cases the same date appeared - 37 thousand years ago, which was in the era of the Upper Paleolithic. The oldest flute gives archaeologists a reason to admit that the local population had its own culture and traditions. The oldest flutes are clear evidence of a musical tradition that has helped people interact and strengthen social cohesion.
Nicholas Konard, together with a group of archaeologists from the University of Tübingen, discovered a mammoth ivory flute in the Geisenklosterle cave near Blaubeuren. It is one of the three oldest wind instruments in the world found by archaeologists. All three were found in the Geisenklosterle cave, but the last find is very different from the previous two. It is not just a musical instrument, but undoubtedly a luxury item.
Using the radiocarbon method, the researchers dated the age of the sedimentary layer, which contained the flute fragments, from 30 to 36 thousand years. This means that the mammoth tusk flute is a thousand years younger than the bone flute found in the same place in 1995. The second study helped to finally determine the age of the musical instrument - about 37 thousand years.
The value of the mammoth tusk flute lies not in its record age, but in its importance for the debate about the birth of culture.
Now we can say that the history of music began about 37 thousand years ago, - emphasizes Conard.
At that time, the last Neanderthals still lived in Europe, who coexisted with the first people of the modern type. Thanks to this flute, we know that the inhabitants of the territory of present-day Europe during the Ice Age were culturally no less capable than modern people !!!
According to Conard, a separate Ice Age musical instrument could have been an accident, but after the third find, it must be admitted that there can be no question of chance. Music was an important part of the life of ancient people. This is evidenced by the fact that three flutes were found in one cave. Ice Age archaeological finds are disproportionately tiny "samples" from the entire complex of material culture. Friedrich Seeberger, specialist in archaeological music, reconstructed ice age flutes. It turned out that they can play a variety of pleasant melodies. An instrument made from a huge mammoth tusk is in stark contrast to its counterparts made from bird bones. It was extremely difficult to make it, since the tusk is very hard and curved. The master split the tusk in the longitudinal direction, carefully hollowed out the halves 19 centimeters long and connected them again. The sound of such a flute was deeper and louder than that of flutes made of bird bones.
If a person put so much effort into making a flute, it means that he attached great importance to the sounds of music. Perhaps his fellow tribesmen sang and danced to the music of a flute, talked with the spirits of their ancestors.
Also, the so-called Swabian Venus was discovered next to the flutes:
During the excavation of the site of primitive hunters in Mezin in 1908, interesting discoveries were made, including a statuette similar to the Swabian Venus and a whole orchestra of musical instruments.
I already wrote about one of the finds - https://cont.ws/@divo2006/439081 - A 20,000-year-old calendar was found on the territory of the Russian Empire, which unites and explains many calendar systems that were later spread all over the Earth !!!
At the place of the dwelling in Mezin, a whole "orchestra" was found, consisting of bone tubes from which pipes and whistles were made. Rattles and rattles were carved from mammoth bones. The tambourines were covered with dry skin, which hummed from the blows of the mallet. These were the primitive musical instruments. The melodies performed on them were very simple, rhythmic and loud.
About 30 years ago, the reconstruction of the sound of these instruments was carried out, and today you have a unique chance to hear the music that our ancestors played 20,000 years ago.
Concert on the oldest musical instruments 20,000 years old. (reconstruction).
I would also like to draw your attention to the fact that about 19,000 years have passed between the finds in Europe and in Mezina, they are separated by thousands of kilometers, and a person is interested in music, makes religious objects that are identical to each other, and closely follows the movement of visible celestial bodies, and records their observations, in the form of ornaments, on products made of mammoth bones. At the same time, the methods of processing bones are not clear, and are not subject to us today.
Modern science assures us that the people of the past were extremely primitive and did not differ much from monkeys. But how then to explain the jewelry in the Denisov Altai cave 50,000 years old, the musical instruments presented in this article, the runic writing on Venus from the Voronezh site, the most complex astronomical observations and calculations from Mezin 20,000 years old, and the Achinsk rod 18,000 years old, and much more.
1899 Mikhail Alexandrovich Vrubel "Pan"
The truth is that we cannot name the first musical instrument, since all primitive people around the world seem to have created this or that music. It was usually music with some kind of religious meaning, and the audience became participants in it. They danced, drummed, clapped and sang with her. This wasn't just for fun. This primitive music made up a significant part of people's lives.
The legend of Pan and the reed suggests how a person came up with the idea to make so many different musical instruments. Perhaps he imitated the sounds of nature or used its objects around him to create his music.
The first musical instruments were percussion (drum type). 
Later, man invented wind instruments made from animal horns. From these primitive wind instruments, modern brass instruments developed. As man developed his musical sense, he began to use the reed and thus produce more natural and gentle sounds. 
In 2009, an expedition led by archaeologist Nicholas Conard of the University of Tübengen discovered the remains of several musical instruments. During excavations at the Halls Fels Cave in Germany, scientists discovered four bone flutes. The most interesting find is a 22-centimeter flute which is 35 thousand years old.
The flute has 5 sound holes and a mouthpiece.
These findings show that the Neanderthal was already able to make musical instruments. This circumstance allows us to take a different look at the world of primitive man, it turns out that music in his world played an important role.
Finally, man invented the simple lyre and harp, which gave rise to bowed instruments. The lyre was the most significant stringed instrument of ancient Greece and Rome, along with the cithara. According to the myth, the lyre was invented by Hermes. For its manufacture, Harmes used a tortoise shell; for the antelope horn frame.
In the Middle Ages, the crusaders brought many amazing oriental musical instruments from the campaigns. Combined with the folk that already existed then in Europe, they developed into many instruments that are now used to play music.
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The history of the emergence of musical instruments. Video lesson.
When did musical instruments appear? You can get very different answers to this question (from 100 years to tens of thousands). In reality, no one can answer this question, since it is unknown. But it is known that one of the most ancient instruments found during archaeological excavations has more 40 thousand years(it was a flute made from animal bone, the thighbone of a cave bear). But wind instruments were not the first to appear, which means that musical instruments arose even earlier.
What was the first instrument to emerge?
The first prototype of a musical instrument was human hands... At first, people sang, clapping their hands, which were, as it were, his musical instrument. Then people began to take two sticks, two stones, two shells in their hands, and instead of clapping their hands, they hit each other with these objects, while receiving different sounds. The tools of people largely depended on the area where they lived. If they lived in a forest zone, then they took 2 sticks, if they lived by the sea - 2 shells, etc.
Thus, instruments appear on which the sound is produced by means of a strike, therefore such instruments are called percussion .
The most common percussion instrument is, of course, drum . But the invention of the drum dates back to a much later time. How this happened, we cannot say now. We can only guess something. For example, once, having hit a hollow tree, in order to drive out the bees from there and take honey from them, a person listened to the unusually booming sound that comes from hitting a hollow tree, and he came up with the idea to use it in his orchestra. Then people realized that it is not necessary to look for a hollow tree, but you can take some kind of stump and hollow out the middle in it. Well, if you cover it on one side with the skin of a killed animal, you get a tool very similar to drum... Many peoples have tools of a similar design. Their only difference is that they are made of different materials and differ slightly in shape.
In the music of different nations, percussion instruments play a different role. They played a particularly important role in the music of African peoples. There were various drums, from small to huge drums, reaching 3 meters. The sound of these huge drums could be heard from miles away.
There was a very sad period in history associated with the slave trade. Europeans or Americans sailed to the African continent to capture and then sell its inhabitants. Sometimes, coming to the village, they did not find anyone there, the inhabitants managed to get away from there. This happened because the sounds of a drum that came from a neighboring village warned them about it, i.e. people understood the "language" of the drums.
Thus, the first group to emerge was percussion instruments .
What group of instruments appeared after the drums? These were wind instruments, which are called so because the sound is extracted from them due to the injection of air. We also do not know what prompted a person to invent these tools, but we can only assume something. For example, once, while hunting, a man went to the shore of a lake. A strong wind was blowing and suddenly a person heard a sound. At first he was alert, but listening he realized that it was a broken reed. Then the man thought: "What if you break the reed yourself, and blowing air into it, try to make it sound?" Having successfully done this, people have learned to extract sounds by blowing air. Then the man realized that the short reed makes higher sounds, and the long one - lower sounds. People began to tie reeds of different lengths and, thanks to this, make sounds of different heights. This instrument is often referred to as the Pan flute.
This is due to the legend that a long time ago in Ancient Greece there lived a goat-footed god named Pan. One day he was walking through the forest and suddenly saw a beautiful nymph named Syrinx. Pan to her ... And the beautiful nymph disliked Pan and began to run away from him. Runs, runs, and Pan is already catching up with her. Syrinx prayed to her father, the river god, that he would save her. Her father turned her into a reed. Pan cut that reed and made himself a pipe out of it. And let's play on it. No one knows that it is not the flute that sings this, but the sweet-voiced nymph Syrinx.
Since then, it has become customary that multi-barreled flutes, similar to a fence made of shortening reed pipes, are called Pan's flutes - from the name of the ancient Greek god of fields, forests and grasses. And in Greece itself it is now often called the syrinx. Many peoples have such tools, only they are called differently. For Russians - kugikly, kuvikly or kuvichki, for Georgians - larchemi (soinari), in Lithuania - skuduchay, in Moldova and Romania - nai or muskal, among Latin American Indians - samponyo, Some call Pan's flute a flute.
Even later, people realized that it is not necessary to take several pipes, but you can make several holes in one pipe, and by clamping them in a certain way, you can extract various sounds.
When our distant ancestors made some inanimate object sound, it seemed to them a real miracle: before their eyes, dead objects came to life, acquired a voice. There are many legends and songs about the singing reed. One of them tells how a reed grew on the grave of a murdered girl, when they cut it off and made a pipe out of it, she sang and told in a human voice about the girl's death, named the killer. This tale was transcribed into verse by the great Russian poet M.Yu. Lermontov.
A merry fisherman sat
On the river bank
And in front of him in the wind
The reeds swayed.
He cut the dry cane
And pierced the wells,
He squeezed one end,
It blew at the other end.
And as if animated, the reed spoke-
Thus, the second group of musical instruments arose, which are called brass
Well, the third group of musical instruments, as you probably already guessed, is string instrument group ... And the very first stringed instrument was a simple one hunting bow... Many times before the hunt, a person checked whether the bowstring... And then one day, having listened to this melodious sound of the bowstring, a man decided to use it in his orchestra. He realized that the short bowstring made higher sounds, and the longer bowstring made lower sounds. But it is inconvenient to play on several bows, and the person pulled not one bowstring on the bow, but several. If you imagine this tool, you can find in it similarities with harp .
Thus, three groups of musical instruments arise: drums, winds and strings.
