Or maybe it's an excuse. Derivative prepositions: features of use and spelling
A preposition is a service part of speech, the main function of which is the connection between pronouns, nouns, numerals and words belonging to other parts of speech.
The concept of preposition
Prepositions denote the relationship between two objects (a boat with a sail), between an object and an action (look at the river), between an object and a sign (ready for self-sacrifice). Prepositions cannot change according to cases, numbers, tenses and genders.
They never act as independent members in a sentence. Often in a sentence, prepositions are placed either before nouns or before modifiers that refer to the noun. For example: in a red dress. Some prepositions can also be used after a noun. For example: for what or for the sake of what.
Types of prepositions for education
According to the method of formation, prepositions are divided into two categories: non-derivative and derivative. Non-derivatives prepositions (sometimes called primitives) are prepositions that have no connections with other parts of speech, that is, are not formed from them. Examples of non-derivative prepositions: at, because of, from, with, without.
Derivatives prepositions (non-primitive) are prepositions that are formed on the basis of words belonging to independent parts of speech. Derivative prepositions are divided into three groups:
Adverbial: opposite, around, along, near;
Denominate: in the form of, at the expense of, in view of, about, during;
Verbal: including, starting, excluding, after, thanks.
Types of prepositions by structure
According to their structure, prepositions are divided into two groups: simple and compound. Simple prepositions are written together: about, thanks to, around, as a result. Composite prepositions include two or more words that should be written separately: in continuation, in connection with, towards, depending on, except.
Morphological analysis of the preposition
Prepositions should be parsed according to this scheme:
1. Part of speech, grammatical role (what is this preposition used for in a sentence);
2. Identification of morphological characteristics:
Derivative or non-derivative;
Simple or compound.
For example: Maria Ivanovna, with her hands behind her back, quickly walked around the living room from corner to corner, looking ahead of her, and thoughtfully shaking her head. There are four prepositions in this sentence:
- By: simple, non-derivative, used in a sentence with a noun in the dative case;
- from: simple, non-derivative, used in a sentence with a noun in the genitive case;
- V: simple, non-derivative, used in a sentence with a noun in the accusative case;
Olga Shuvaikina
Lesson summary “Name of pieces of furniture. Using spatial prepositions"
Program content
Learn to compose a short story together with the teacher; learn to name individual pieces of furniture; practice understanding and using spatial prepositions in, on, for, about; teach the correct use of the genitive case form of nouns.
Materials, equipment
Doll furniture: table, chair, wardrobe, bed; toys: doll, ducklings, kittens, bunnies.
Methods, techniques
Artistic word, game “Who can do what.”
Progress of the lesson:
1. Org. moment.
All the children gathered in a circle,
I am your friend and you are my friend.
Let's hold hands together
And let's smile at each other!
2. Goal setting.
Game “Say the Word.”
If you want to sleep, ... (bed) is waiting for you in the bedroom.
We’ll have tea and pies at lunchtime…. (table).
How nice it is for our Tanya to lie on... (sofa).
We carefully fold the sweater, jacket, and warm scarf into….(closet).
Children answer, then sit down in their seats.
Pictures of pieces of furniture are hung on the board.
Educator: guys, as you already guessed, today in class we will talk about furniture.
2. Main part.
Educator: Guys, this is a room. A girl named Katya lives here. Tell me what objects are in the room?
Children: table, chair, wardrobe, bed.
Educator: That’s right, a table, a chair, a closet, a bed are furniture.
Guys, where is Katya sitting?
Children: Katya is sitting on a chair.
Educator: Together with Katya, her friends live in the room - a kitten, a bunny, a dog, a duckling. They love to hide. Katya left the room, and the animals hid.
The little bunny is in the closet, the kitten is on the table, the dog is near the bed, the duckling is on the bed.
Katya returned and saw that her friends were not there (there was no one near the chair, there were no one on the closet, and there was no one behind the closet either).
Educator: guys, help Katya find the animals.
Arina, who do you want to find? Where did he hide?
The child answers.
Pavlik, who will you find?
3. Phys. just a minute.
Girls and boys
Jumping like bunnies
Hands clap
They stomp their feet
Eyes blink
Afterwards they rest.
Game "Play with the ball".
Guys, put the ball on the chair, under the chair, near the chair.
The children take their seats.
Guys, now we will try to write a story about Katya and her friends.
Once upon a time there lived a girl, Katya. Her friends lived with her - a kitten, a bunny, a dog, a duckling. One day, when Katya left the room, the animals hid. The little bunny is in the closet, the kitten is on the table, the dog is near the bed, the duckling is on the bed. Katya came, but there were no animals.
Educator: guys, who wants to tell you about Katya?
4. Summary of the lesson.
Guys, what did we talk about in class today (about furniture).
What did you and I do? (we were making up a story about Katya).
Publications on the topic:
Summary of the lesson “Reinforcing the prepositions B-IZ”. Lexical topic “School” Goal: To consolidate children’s acquired knowledge about school, school supplies. Objectives: Educational: to consolidate prepositions in, from; consolidate agreement.
Lesson summary “Journey to the Kingdom of Furniture” Integration of educational areas: “Speech development”, “Cognitive development”, “Social and communicative development”, “Artistic.
Summary of a lesson on the formation of spatial concepts and the development of spatial orientation skills Topic: “Develop spatial orientation skills and the ability to determine spatial directions from oneself” Completed by: Educator Denisova.
Summary of a lesson on mathematical development “Determination of the weight of objects. Comparison of objects by length" (middle group) Objectives: 1. Teach children to determine the weight of objects (heavy, light, lightest). 2. Continue to train children in the ability to compare objects.
Summary of a lesson on the development of spatial concepts using a class plan for children 10 years old with disabilities Topic: “Class Plan”. Goal: Formation of spatial concepts in the process of reading and depicting the classroom plan. Tasks: Find.
Lesson notes “Journey into the past of furniture”“Journey into the past of furniture” Priority educational area: cognitive development, communicative development Integration of educational.
Summary of the lesson in the senior group of compensatory focus “Differentiation of the prepositions “in” and “on” Goal: To clarify the understanding of the prepositions “in” and “on”. Practice using the prepositions “in”, “on” with nouns in the prepositional case.
Title of the lesson: “Saving Fairy Fiona” Title of the lesson: Saving Fairy Fiona Goals and objectives Educational Cognitive development: Improve the ability to form the number 5.
Summary of a lesson on speech development “Journey to the Land of Prepositions” Topic: Journey to the land of prepositions. Group: preparatory. Goal: to consolidate the correct use of prepositions and case endings.
Summary of NNOD in the junior group “Compiling a group of objects from individual objects and separating one from it. The concept of a circle" Organization of continuous direct educational activities for children in the second junior group
There are many spelling rules in the Russian language. Most of them cause writing difficulties not only for schoolchildren and foreigners who study Russian, but also for adults. One of these rules is the spelling of prepositions. Mainly the problem is finding them correctly. With simple non-derivative prepositions, everything is more or less clear, and most people do not have difficulty finding them. But in the Russian language there is another group of words that, depending on the context, can refer to different parts of speech. These are derived prepositions that come from adverbs, nouns or gerunds. They are so difficult to write that many people have great difficulty encountering them in the text.
Characteristics of derived prepositions
All prepositions in the Russian language are auxiliary parts of speech that do not have their own meaning and morphological characteristics. They serve as a connecting link between words in a sentence and are used to build a grammatically correct and competent construction. Derivative prepositions in the Russian language appeared relatively recently. They originated from significant parts of speech due to the loss of their own morphological characteristics and meaning. Because of this, their spelling often differs from the original words, causing spelling difficulties. They are used quite often in speech, so every literate person should be able to find them and write them correctly.
Features of this part of speech
1. Derivative prepositions can be simple, consisting of one word, for example, “near”, “around”, “thanks to”, “towards” and others. But many of them consist of two words, retaining the form they had as a significant part of speech. Usually this is a combination of a non-derivative preposition with a noun, so merged with it in meaning and grammatically that it is often perceived as one word. For example: “with the help”, “for lack of”, “not counting”, “at the expense”, “to the extent” and others.
2. The spelling of such prepositions needs to be memorized, because most often it is not regulated by any rules. In difficult cases, you need to check a spelling dictionary. The greatest difficulty is in writing the prepositions “during”, “in continuation”, “as a result”, “subsequently”.
3. To determine that a derivative preposition, and not an independent part of speech, is used in a sentence, you need to replace it with another preposition or conjunction. For example, “as a result” - “because of”, “about” - “about”, “towards” - “to”, “like” - “how”.
4. There is a small group of derived prepositions that are difficult to distinguish from the independent parts of speech from which they originated. This causes difficulties in writing them. In this case, you can only understand the meaning in the context. These words are: “about”, “as a result of”, “thanks to”, “despite” and others.
Types of derivative prepositions
All prepositions under consideration are divided into three groups depending on what part of speech they came from.
1. Adverbial prepositions, that is, derived prepositions formed from adverbs, have retained their meaning. Basically they indicate the time and location of an object in space. For example, “near the house”, “after school”, “inside the box” and others.
2. Denominal prepositions are so called because they are formed from a noun. They can denote spatial, temporal, causal or object relations. This is a fairly large group of prepositions, and they are the ones that most often cause spelling difficulties, for example: “in connection”, “to the extent”, “about”, “like”, “on arrival” and others.
3. Verbal prepositions originate from gerunds, which have lost their meaning of additional action. They are closely related to nouns and are usually used with only one case. For example: “thanks to (what?)”, “in spite of (what?)”, “despite (what?)”.
What meanings do they have?
Each derived preposition, when combined with nouns, gives it a specific meaning. Most often they are used with one case, but you can also ask adverbial questions about them. The most common meanings of derived prepositions:
They denote a certain period of time: “during”, “at the end”, “in completion”, “after” and others;
Causal relations are determined by prepositions: “thanks to”, “in spite of”, “due to”, “as a result of”;
They can indicate the location of an object: “near”, “about”, “opposite”, “in front” and others.
How to learn to write prepositions correctly
The spelling of independent words is regulated by spelling rules. Most people learned them during school and have no difficulty spelling. And derived prepositions do not follow any rules. You need to remember how to write them. But in difficult cases, you can check with a spelling dictionary. The difficulty is most often caused by people’s inability to distinguish sentences with prepositions from constructions with independent parts of speech. If you learn to find these words in the text, there will be fewer mistakes. After all, most people still know the basic rules of spelling.
Ways to search for prepositions in text
1. You need to try to replace the word with another preposition. Each derived preposition has a similar one from the category of non-derivatives, for example, “in view of - because of”, “about - about”, “towards - to”, “following - for” and others. Significant parts of speech are replaced only by synonyms: “for an account - for a book”, “for a meeting - for a date”.
2. Ask a question about the word. If there is a preposition in a sentence, then most likely it will be part of the question, and the answer will be a noun: “I live opposite the school - (opposite what?)” or “(where?) - opposite the school.” And the word, as an independent part of speech, itself answers the question: “this house is opposite - (where?) - opposite.”
3. A derivative preposition cannot be removed from a sentence without losing the meaning and destroying the grammatical structure: “to walk in front of the column - to walk (?) the column.” If you remove the significant part of the speech, then although the meaning will be impoverished, the sentence will not lose its integrity: “he walked ahead - he walked.”
4. They can also be distinguished by meaning. For example, “during the day” is a preposition that denotes a period of time, and “during the river” is a noun that denotes the flow of water.
What derivative prepositions are written together
Among the words of this part of speech there are many that have long been used in the Russian language. Some prepositions have so merged with nouns in meaning that almost no one has any difficulty spelling them. For example, “near”, “like”, “in view of”, “instead of”, “like”, “inside” and others. But there are also words that are written together only when they are used as prepositions. And here you need to be able to distinguish them from significant parts of speech. For example, “due to the rain” is a preposition; you can replace it with the word “due to,” and “as a consequence of the case” is a noun: “(in what?) - as a result.” More examples of frequently used prepositions and their difference with homonymous parts of speech: “towards each other” - “to meet friends”, “about repairs” - “to a bank account”. You also need to remember that “not” in prepositions formed from gerunds is written together: “despite his advanced age (despite what?)” is a preposition, but compare: “he walked without (not looking) around” .
Compound derivative prepositions
Spelling of prepositions that consist of two words also causes difficulties. But they are not associated with the separate spelling of these words, but most often with the letter at the end of the preposition. It needs to be remembered, since basically it is completely different from the nouns from which these words come:
The letter “and” is written at the end of the prepositions “after”, “on arrival”, “at the end”, “in connection”, “in accordance”, “in comparison”, “during”;
You need to remember the spelling of prepositions with the letter “e” at the end: “during”, “in continuation”, “in conclusion”, “in contrast”, “in conclusion”, “in commemoration”, “on arrival”, “on arrival” ";
There is also a group of prepositions that cause almost no difficulties: “by virtue”, “to the extent”, “in connection” and some others.
In order for a person’s speech to be literate, it is necessary to use derivative prepositions as much as possible. They enrich the language, allow you to more accurately express your thoughts and use grammatically correct constructions.
The main difficulty in using prepositions in the Russian language lies in the large number of exceptions. However, first of all, it is worth understanding the basic principle - which preposition to use with this or that word.
If we are talking about material objects, such as a table, wardrobe, refrigerator, box, chest of drawers, then the preposition “On” means location on the surface of the object (on top), and “In” - inside the object.
For example:
Put clothes in the chest of drawers.
Place the clothes on the dresser.
Place the textbook on the table.
Put the textbook on the table.
Even with objects that do not have clear boundaries, such as grass, you can most often use both the preposition "In" and the preposition "On".
For example:
We had a picnic on the grass.
A rabbit hid in the grass.
So, if one object is clearly located on the surface of another, we use the preposition "On".
Attention! According to the logic of language, this surface appears to be something open, not limited from above. This is worth remembering, because this way of looking at things helps to understand the logic and culture of the language, which further develops linguistic flair.
For example:
on the street
On Bridge
on the shore
At the stop
on the square
on the balcony
at the stadium
On the market
on the chair
on the couch
on the table
on the plate
on the mountain
on the island
And also the preposition “On” is used when we talk about cardinal directions:
In the south, in the north, in the west, in the east.
There are a number of exceptions to this rule. Here are some of them:
We use "B" when we talk about bodies of water (we mean being in water):
A fish swims in the river.
We are swimming in the lake.
"B" is also used with the word chair when talking about a person sitting in it. And with the word hand.
I like to sit in a comfortable chair.
Children are taught to hold a spoon in their hand.
We use the preposition “B” when we talk about an object located within another object. That is, the second one seems to be something closed, like a box. Or having clear boundaries.
For example:
in the apartment
in the house
in the country
in the park
in the garden
Exceptions:
at home
at the station
in stock
at the factory
at the factory
on the floor
If we are talking not about material objects, but about events, then most often we use the preposition “On”.
For example:
at the lesson
at the opera
at the exhibition
We can also say “at the opera,” but then the word “opera” moves from the category of an event to the category of a building with its walls and roof. That is, it would mean "in the opera house"
Exceptions:
on a trip
during a trip
on the road
on holiday
business trip
to the cinema
We cannot mention in this article absolutely all the exceptions associated with the use of prepositions, so you may encounter others that you just need to remember.
Pretext- this is the auxiliary part of our speech, which expresses semantic connections between nouns, numerals and pronouns and other words in sentences or phrases: went to school, climbed the mountain, ran down the street, approached my father.
Prepositions in Russian, like other auxiliary parts of speech, do not change and always remain in the form in which they exist: in the middle, in half, on, with. Also, prepositions are not members of a sentence, but when parsing a sentence, prepositions are emphasized together with the member of the sentence to which they relate: After short-lived fluctuations the animal came up to me (after hesitation- circumstance, to me- circumstance).
Prepositions, particle conjunctions- these are auxiliary (non-independent) parts of speech. Despite this, they have their own classification and are divided into certain types.
Types of prepositions.
According to morphological characteristics prepositions can be divided into three types:
- Simple prepositions- prepositions that consist of one word that has the same base: on, in, by, to, with, iso, over, about, after, before, thanks and etc .
- Complex prepositions- prepositions that consist of one, but have two roots and are written with a hyphen: from under, from behind, over and etc.
- Compound prepositions- these are prepositions that consist of two or more words: during, in continuation, in contrast to, despite and etc.
By origin, prepositions are:
- Non-derivative prepositions- these are ordinary prepositions that cannot be associated with formation from any part of speech: from, on, in, at, to, by, from, for and many others. Non-derivative prepositions also include complex prepositions: over, from behind, from under.
- Derivative prepositions- these are prepositions formed from other parts of speech (nouns, verbs, etc.): during, in continuation, despite, in view, like and etc.
Derivative prepositions.
There are derivative prepositions several types, which depend on the part of speech with which the formation of the preposition is associated:
- Denominative prepositions are prepositions formed most often from nouns. The formation of such prepositions can occur with the help of adverbs or directly from the noun. Denominative prepositions include the following: by virtue of, in contrast to, during, like, in view of, as a result of, in continuation of, in contrast to and others. Noun with preposition or an excuse?
- Verbal prepositions are prepositions that are formed from gerunds: despite, including, thanks, later, later, despite, etc. How do prepositions differ from conjunctions? or another part of speech?
- Adverbial prepositions are prepositions that come from adverbs: behind, in front, about, inside, near, around, except, in spite of, etc.
Prepositions and case agreement.
Prepositions can be used with one or several forms cases. At the same time, there are prepositions that require control in a specific case: according to - dative, due to - genitive, and in - prepositional and accusative:
According to the schedule, according to the schedule; because of the rain, because of the mother; to Crimea, in Crimea.
Classifications of prepositions according to lexical criteria.
A preposition can express:
- Temporal relation: jump from morning to evening;
- Spatial relation: visit St. Petersburg and Lake Baikal;
- Compare and contrast relationship: as tall as me, something like a flash;
- Escort attitude: take with you, come with your brother;
- Cause ratio: burst into tears of grief;
- Object relation: forget about vacation, talk about wedding;
- Target relationships: going out dress; food for the holiday;
And other categories.
How to do morphological analysis of a preposition?
Preposition parsing plan:
1) Part of speech, purpose of this part of speech;
2) Type of preposition: simple, compound or complex;
3) Type of preposition: derivative or non-derivative;
4) Which word does it refer to;
5) In what case is it controlled in a sentence (phrase);
6) Classification of preposition according to lexical criteria.
An example of morphological analysis of a preposition.
There were two people standing on the porch: he and with him.
On the porch)- preposition, serves to connect words in a given sentence, simple, non-derivative, refers to a noun "porch", used with the prepositional case, has spatial-object relations with the noun.
With him)- preposition, serves to connect words in a sentence, simple, non-derivative, refers to a pronoun "him", used with the instrumental case, has the meaning of accompaniment.
