home > Psychology > Physical development is a leading indicator of the health status of students. Physical development is a leading indicator of the health status of students. Research results and discussion


Physical development is a leading indicator of the health status of students. Physical development is a leading indicator of the health status of students. Research results and discussion




1

A study of the anthropometric parameters of 1110 students aged 16–22 years studying at Samara State University was carried out. It was revealed that the body length of 16–18-year-old boys and girls practically does not differ from the value of this indicator for senior students, which indicates a decrease in the rate of growth processes after the age of 18. In the Samara region, the body length of young people is greater than in many regions of Russia, but slightly less than in Arzamas. Samara youths have greater body weight than their peers from Kazan, Rostov, Khabarovsk and Samara in 2008, but less than in Moscow and Saransk. The mass of girls in Samara practically does not differ from the average Russian values, but is somewhat less than in Arzamas. Underweight among students is much more common (one in five) than obesity or overweight. Every fourth girl and every tenth boy aged 16 to 22 years is underweight. Moreover, it is predominantly female junior students and senior male students who are underweight. The tendency to obesity is 2 times more common in young men. It is noteworthy that Belarusian students, both boys and girls, are larger than their peers from Russia.

somatometric indicators

physical development

boys and girls

age 16–22 years

regional features

1. Apanasenko G.L., Naumenko R.G. Somatic health and maximum aerobic capacity of an individual / G.L. Apanasenko, R.G. Naumenko // Theory and practice of physical culture. – 1988. – No. 4. – P. 29–31.

2. Baranov A.A., Kuchma V.R., Sukhareva L.M. The health status of modern children and adolescents and the role of medical and social factors in its formation / A.A. Baranov, V.R. Kuchma, L.M. Sukhareva // Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. – 2009. – No. 5. – P. 6–11.

3. Vakhitov I.Kh. Features of the development of the pumping function of the heart and anthropometric indicators of young athletes in the process of long-term sports training / I.Kh. Vakhitov, R.S. Khaliullin, B.I. Vakhitov, A.V. Ulyanova // Pediatrics. – 2012. – No. 5. – P. 139–141.

4. Gerasevich A.N. Comparative characteristics of individual indicators of the morphofunctional state of the body of modern students (part 1) / A.N. Gerasevich, L.A. Shitov, E.M. Shitova, V.S. Bokovets, Yu.I. Shchenovsky, T.A. Gmir, E.G. Parkhots // Physical education of students. – 2013. – No. 5. – P. 25–31.

5. Kazakova G.N. Variability of constitutional characteristics of young male students according to a 20-year retrospective study / G.N. Kazakova, L.V. Sindeeva, V.P. Efremova, E.G. Martirosov // Fundamental research. – 2012. – No. 8. – P. 316–320.

6. Kalyuzhny E.A. Results of monitoring the physical health of students based on active self-assessment / E.A. Kalyuzhny, Yu.G. Kuzmichev, S.V. Mikhailova, V.Yu. Maslova // Scientific opinion: scientific journal. – St. Petersburg, 2012. – No. 4. – P. 133–137.

7. Kokurin A.V. Constitutional features of physical fitness of students of the Faculty of Physical Culture / A.V. Kokurin, A.A. Shankin, V.G. Malyshev, O.A. Kosheleva // Fundamental Research. – 2012. – No. 5. – P. 163–166.

8. Lapteva E.A. Age-related features of the morphofunctional development of children of different age groups // Modern problems of science and education. – 2013. – No. 5; URL: www.science-education.ru/111-10365 (date of access: 06.16.2014).

9. Melnikova S.L. Indicators of physical development of healthy girls living in Transbaikalia / S.L. Melnikova, E.S. Subocheva, V.V. Melnikov // Fundamental research. – 2013. – No. 5. – P. 328–332.

10. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2001 No. 916 “On the all-Russian system for monitoring the state of physical health of the population, physical development of children, adolescents and youth”; URL: http://www.edu.ru/db-mon/mo/data/d_02/867.html (access date: 06.16.2014)

11. Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation dated February 4, 2010 N 55n “On the procedure for additional medical examination of working citizens” / Rossiyskaya Gazeta. – No. 5139. – 2010. – March 24.

12. Rusakova N.V. Dynamics of anthropometric indicators of children and adolescents in Samara (1978-2008) / N.V. Rusakova, I.I. Berezin, I.G. Kretova, E.A. Kostsova, S.E. Chigarina, A.I. Manyukhin // Bulletin of Samara State University. – 2009. – No. 8. – P. 200–207.

13. Uchakina R.V. Physical development of adolescents of the indigenous population of the Amur region at the present stage / R.V. Uchakina, A.V. Kozlov, E.V. Rakitskaya, I.D. Lee // Far Eastern Medical Journal. – 2009. – No. 1. – P. 60–63.

14. Chaplygina E.V. Somatotypological characteristics of residents of the south of Russia in adolescence and the first period of adulthood / E.V. Chaplygina, O.T. Vartanova, O.A. Aksenova, K.A. Nor-Arevyan // Fundamental Research. – 2013. – No. 7. – P. 659–662.

15. Yusupov R.D. Ethnic features of somatometric and cephalometric parameters in men of Eastern Siberia / R.D. Yusupov, V.G. Nikolaev, V.V. Alyamovsky, L.V. Sindeeva, S.A. Moiseenko, G.N. Kazakova // Modern problems of science and education. – 2013. – No. 2. – pp. 207–212. URL: www.rae.ru/fs/?section = content&op = show_article&article_id = 10001025 (access date: 06.16.2014).

The main direction of the priority national project in the field of healthcare is the development of its preventive focus. In this regard, it is necessary to create an individual Health Passport. When creating it, it is important to determine the level of physical development of a person. According to the Order of the Ministry of Health on medical examination No. 55n dated February 4, 2010, a mandatory component of it is a somatometric examination. The importance of knowledge about the physical development of the younger generation is evidenced by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2001 No. 916 “On the all-Russian system for monitoring the state of physical health of the population, the physical development of children, adolescents and youth.” A large number of studies have been devoted to the state of physical development of children and adolescents. The physical health of students has been assessed to a lesser extent, but its monitoring will provide information necessary for making informed management decisions to improve health and identify cause-and-effect relationships for the deterioration in the quality of life of the population.

Purpose of the study- to study the somatometric parameters of the physical development of modern boys and girls aged 16-22 years, to identify regional characteristics.

Materials and research methods

An anthropometric study was carried out on 1110 1st-4th year students of all faculties of Samara State University aged 16 to 22 years, of which 861 (77.6%) were girls and 249 (22.4%) were boys.

Students were selected for the study on a voluntary basis, not involved in sports, without chronic diseases of the cardiovascular and bronchopulmonary systems, without serious metabolic disorders, which was revealed on the basis of an oral survey. The following were determined: body length (BL) - using a stadiometer; body weight (BW) - by weighing on scales; chest circumference - using a centimeter tape, applied from behind at the angle of the shoulder blades, and in front - in young men, along the lower edge of the isola; for girls - along the fourth rib. The measurement was carried out in a position of deep exhalation. In addition, we carried out dynamometry. Hand strength was measured using a DK-100 wrist dynamometer. Measurements of somatometric and physiometric indicators were carried out in the first half of the day, taking into account biorhythmic recommendations, 2 hours after breakfast.

Based on the measurement data, we calculated:

  • Proper body weight according to Broca's height index. For body lengths up to 165 cm, 100 was subtracted from the body length data; with a body length from 165 to 175 cm - 105, and with a body length of 175 cm and above - 110.
  • Harmony of build was assessed using the Quetelet body mass index (BMI) - the ratio of body weight to body length squared [BMI = BW/BW 2 (kg/m2)]. With a BMI of 16 or less, there is a pronounced lack of body weight, from 16 to 18.5 - underweight, 18.5-25 - harmonious body parameters, 25-30 - excess body weight, 30-35 - obesity I degree, 35-40 - II degree obesity, 40 or more - III degree obesity.
  • Body type according to the Pigne index, which was calculated using the formula: IP = DT-(MT + T), where DT is body length (cm), MT is body weight (kg), T is chest circumference (cm). With Pignier index values ​​of more than 30, an asthenic type (hyposthenics) is noted, from 10 to 30 - an athletic type (normosthenics), less than 10 - a pyknic type (hypersthenics).

Mathematical processing was carried out using the methods of variation statistics with the determination of the average value and standard deviation. The critical value of the significance level was considered equal to 0.05. Statistical processing of the obtained data was carried out on a personal computer using SPSS 21 (license No. 20130626-3), Statistica 6.0, SigmaStat 3.0 and Excel 2003 spreadsheets.

Research results and discussion

The results of the study showed (Tables 1, 2) that the average values ​​of the studied anthropometric indicators of boys are greater than those of girls in all age periods. As is known, the parameters of the physical development of boys and girls, starting from puberty, begin to differ sharply, which is manifested both in external characteristics (body length, weight, chest circumference) and in internal changes in the body, associated primarily with building muscle mass. As a result, the differences obtained in our study seem absolutely natural.

Table 1

Basic anthropometric indicators of students

Indicators

Girls (n = 861)

Boys (n = 249)

Differences, %

Age, years

Body weight, kg

Body length, cm

Chest circumference, cm

Broca's index

Body mass index

Pinier Index

Height and weight index

Waist circumference, cm

Right hand strength, kg

Left hand strength, kg

Strength index, %

Life index, l/kg

A comparative analysis of the physical development parameters of junior and senior students did not reveal statistically significant differences, with the exception of carpal dynamometry indicators in young men. The muscle strength of the hands of senior students is significantly higher than the value of this indicator for boys aged 16-18 years (p< 0,05).

It should be noted that the body length of 16-18-year-old boys and girls practically does not differ from the value of this indicator for senior students, which indicates a decrease in the rate of growth processes after the age of 18.

A comparative analysis of the body length of young people from various regions of Russia showed (Table 3) that in the Samara region the body length of boys and girls is greater than in many regions of Russia, but there are slightly fewer boys than in Chelyabinsk, and less girls than in Ryazan , Arzamas.

table 2

Basic anthropometric indicators of junior and senior students

Indicators

16-18 years old (n = 149)

19-22 years (n = 100)

16-18 years old (n = 633)

19-22 years (n = 228)

Age, years

Body weight, kg

Body length, cm

Chest circumference, cm

Broca's index

Body mass index

Pinier Index

Height and weight index

Waist circumference, cm

Right hand strength, kg

Left hand strength, kg

Strength index, %

Life index, l/kg

Table 3

Anthropometric parameters of boys and girls aged 16-22 from various regions of the Russian Federation and Belarus (according to literature data)

Age, years

Body length, cm

Body weight, kg

Krasnoyarsk

Krasnoyarsk

Khabarovsk

Samara youths have greater body weight than their peers from Kazan, Rostov, Nizhny Novgorod, Khabarovsk and Samara in 2008, but less than in Moscow and Saransk. The mass of girls in Samara practically does not differ from the average Russian values, but is somewhat less than in Arzamas. It is noteworthy that Belarusian students, both boys and girls, are larger than their peers from Russia.

One of the most important anthropometric indicators is body weight. As a result of the study, it was found that underweight among students is much more common (one in five) than obesity or overweight (6.22 and 0.99%, p< 0,01). Согласно полученным данным, каждая четвертая девушка в возрасте от 16 до 22 лет имеет недостаток массы тела, в то время как только каждый десятый юноша страдает от той же проблемы. Причем, недостаточную массу тела имеют преимущественно студентки младших курсов и юноши-старшекурсники. Склонность к ожирению в 2 раза чаще встречается у юношей.

Table 4

Changes in body mass index among students of different groups

Underweight

Normal weight

Excess weight

Obesity I–III degree.

Students ( n = 1110)

Students 16-18 years old ( n = 782)

Students 19-22 years old ( n= 328)

Boys ( n = 249)

Boys 16-18 years old (n = 149)

Boys 19-22 years old ( n = 100)

Girls ( n = 861)

Girls 16-18 years old ( n = 633)

Girls 19-22 years old ( n = 228)

Designations: 1,2,3,4 - p < 0,05; 5,6,7,8,9 - p < 0,01 (одинаковыми цифрами обозначены группы сравнения).

Thus, we can talk about pronounced gender differences.

The fact that a large number of young men are prone to obesity cannot be considered a positive development, although it may be the result of favorable changes in the socio-economic living conditions of the population. Similar observations have been noted in other regions of Russia. Apparently, this is a reflection of the peculiarities of the epochal dynamics of gender ratios in the human population.

Based on data on weight, body length, and chest circumference, the Pinier index was calculated and the body type of each student was determined. It was found that half of the students had a normosthenic body type; there were 3 times more hyposthenics than hypersthenics. There were slightly more people with a normosthenic body type among boys (+10.7%), hyposthenics were 2 times more among girls (p< 0,01). В то же время гиперстеников в 2,5 раза больше среди юношей (р < 0,01). Отличий по типу телосложения среди студентов разных возрастных групп обнаружено не было ни среди девушек, ни среди юношей.

According to our research, there is no redistribution of body types in girls of different years, which apparently indicates an established body type by the age under study due to the earlier formation of the endocrine and reproductive systems.

In addition, we conducted a study of the level of somatic health of students according to G.L. Apanasenko. The results showed that the majority of students are characterized by an average level of physical health. The largest number of students with a low level of somatic health is observed among boys 19-22 years old; among girls 19-22 years old this figure is the lowest. It should be noted that the number of boys with a low level of somatic health increases as they grow older, while at the same time the opposite trend has emerged among girls.

Thus, the results of a study of the physical development of students in the Samara region did not reveal statistically significant age-related differences in the anthropometric parameters of girls aged 16-22 years. A characteristic feature for them is lack of body weight. The most common body types among modern female students are normosthenic and hyposthenic.

It was found that 75.50% of young men have a body weight corresponding to age and gender. Every tenth student, especially among senior students, is underweight. The tendency to be overweight is 2 times more common in boys compared to girls.

We found that senior students have higher values ​​of hand dynamometry, which is apparently associated with greater development of the musculoskeletal system, as evidenced by large chest circumferences. Although in terms of body weight and body length, the groups of boys 16-18 and 19-22 years old are quite homogeneous.

Reviewers:

Vedyasova O.A., Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor of the Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Samara State University, Samara;

Berezin I.I., Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of General Hygiene, Samara State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Samara.

The work was received by the editor on June 2, 2014.

Bibliographic link

Kretova I.G., Shiryaeva O.I., Belyaeva O.I. SOMATOMETRIC INDICATORS OF PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF YOUTHS AND GIRLS 16–22 YEARS OLD SAMARA: REGIONAL FEATURES // Fundamental Research. – 2014. – No. 8-5. – P. 1090-1094;
URL: http://fundamental-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=34723 (access date: 06/15/2019). We bring to your attention magazines published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural Sciences"

We still cannot associate the last group of somatic symptoms in mentally ill patients with any factors of a mental nature. Apparently, they serve as somatic signs of painful somatic processes, which at the same time are the source of mental illness or, in any case, are in a certain connection with it. These are not symptoms of a specific physical disease (for example, a brain process); we classify them as somatic signs, physical symptoms of psychosis, but cannot recognize them as signs of any known disorder. Thus, in patients with schizophrenia (less often in patients with other mental illnesses), individual enhanced reflex reactions, changes in the pupils, swelling, cyanosis of the hands and feet, increased sweating with a specific odor, “greasy face”, characteristic pigmentation, and trophic disorders are found. Everything that is accessible to direct observation is gradually and methodically supplemented with special data concerning the dynamics of changes in body weight, menstruation delays, etc. In the last ten years, physiological research has been carried out taking into account all the achievements of modern medicine. Some things are discovered by chance in the endless mass of accumulated data; but there are also findings that give a clear idea of ​​the somatic phenomena produced by physiological processes in psychosis. Let's give a few examples.

(a) Body weight

Fluctuations in body weight in mentally ill patients reach enormous values; this somatic symptom is characterized by ambiguity. In acute psychosis, complete exhaustion and profound insanity are possible, while upon exiting the acute phase there is a significant increase in body weight; thus, changes in body weight may be an important indicator of how the disease progresses. Body weight increases during recovery, as well as at the onset of chronic dementia, which can occur after the acute phase (hence weight gain without improvement in mental state is a dangerous symptom). In the latter case, there is sometimes a clear tendency to overeat and a flabby habitus. Weight loss of up to 20 pounds or more is observed in severe mental shocks, prolonged depressive states, and a wide variety of nervous disorders. In some cases, it is difficult to determine whether changes in body weight primarily accompany a painful somatic process that is also responsible for mental disorders, or whether it is a direct consequence of the mental events themselves. Apparently, connections of both types occur. I have repeatedly observed patients with traumatic neuroses who, each time they entered a hospital, lost - despite excellent nutrition - several kilograms; This probably happened because the developing situation each time caused the patients to feel extreme despair.



Reichardt investigated the connection between body weight and the course of brain or mental illness. According to his data, body weight and mental state show a significant degree of mutual independence, so that it is impossible to establish any reliable relationships. For example, he observes serious fluctuations in some acute psychoses; states of dementia and terminal states are generally characterized by a stationary curve of body weight, diseases of the brain (for example, paralysis) are characterized by frequent endogenous increases and decreases in weight, and catatonic syndromes are characterized by weight loss up to extreme exhaustion. In contrast to fluctuations with a long period, short-term fluctuations, as it turns out, are caused by fluctuations in the body's water metabolism.

(b) Stopping menstruation

Cessation of menstruation is a common occurrence in psychosis. According to Hyman's calculations, this phenomenon is characterized by the following frequency:

For paranoia

For hysteria, psychopathy and degenerative conditions

For manic-depressive psychosis

For dementia praecox (schizophrenia)

For paranoid forms

In hebephrenic forms

In catatonic forms

For progressive paralysis, tumors and other organic brain disorders

In most cases, menstruation stops only after the onset of mental symptoms. Often the cessation of menstruation coincides with the onset of weight loss. When weight begins to increase, menstruation is restored (this happens both during recovery and during the onset of chronic dementia).

(c) Endocrine disorders

In isolated cases, Cushing's syndrome is detected in schizophrenia. It usually weakens as schizophrenia progresses. A pituitary tumor is excluded. This shows that "schizophrenic processes tend to embrace the sphere of hormonal activity."

(d) Systematic physiological studies to identify clinical pictures with typical somatic pathology

Numerous metabolic studies, blood tests, urine tests, etc. cannot yet be assessed unambiguously. Sometimes they can indirectly indicate something significant, but more often they stretch out indefinitely and do not lead to anything interesting. In some forms of schizophrenia - especially catatonic - as well as in paralytic stupor, metabolism is slowed down. Thanks to modern methods of studying metabolic pathology, it was possible to identify some facts related to paralysis, schizophrenia, epilepsy, and circular psychosis.

Jessing's extraordinarily detailed and meticulous work opened a new chapter. The author did not strive to collect a large amount of data for the sake of statistical comparisons (such a method can be considered at best auxiliary, but not actually research). Instead, he carefully and comprehensively, day after day, examined several patients; its purpose was to assess changes in their physical condition and compare these changes with the dynamics of mental illness. He sought to study not a single physiological phenomenon, but a complex whole, including analysis of blood, urine, feces, metabolism, etc. Finally, he carried out a careful selection of cases: it was important for him that the diagnosis be absolutely unambiguous, the pictures typical and convenient for research. Each individual case - among which there are truly classic ones - was described by him in every detail.

Catatonic stupor begins suddenly; awakening from it is critical. Just before stupor, mild motor restlessness is observed. It has been shown that during the waking period there is a decrease in basal metabolism, heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, leukopenia, lymphocytosis, and nitrogen accumulation in the body (this picture observed during the waking period is called “accumulation syndrome” by Jessing). At the beginning of stupor, distinct vegetative fluctuations are detected (fluctuations in pupil size, pulse rate, complexion, sweating, muscle tone). During the stuporous period, the following are detected: an increase in basal metabolism, pulse rate, blood pressure, blood sugar; mild leukocytosis, increased nitrogen secretion (Iessing calls this picture “compensation syndrome”). Symptoms return periodically, interspersed with stupor, which lasts two to three weeks.

Similar phenomena were discovered by Jessing in patients suffering from anxiety and agitation. Many cases of stupor and agitation, however. proceed chaotically. But the author invariably discovered the accumulation of nitrogen, vegetative fluctuations, and the release of nitrogen - and the accumulation of nitrogen always occurs during the waking period.

The idea was to identify the physiologo-chemical syndrome. characterized by a certain internal constancy and correlating with specific forms of catatonic stupor and agitation. Jessing refrains from causal explanations (he does not try to answer the question of what is the determining factor - soma or psyche). It only indicates that we are dealing with the results of periodic stimulation of the brain stem. In abnormal states, the accumulation of nitrogen, characteristic of the period of wakefulness, turns into its opposite: during a catatonic stupor or catatonic excitement, a kind of “cure” of excess nitrogen takes place.

Then a series of studies were carried out that pointed to new mysteries. namely, serious changes that do not have obvious causes of the kind that are common for somatic diseases.

Yang and Gräfing discovered blood thickening: a truncated formation of red blood cells (an increase in the number of red blood cells and young forms - bone marrow at autopsy is not yellow, but red) with a simultaneous decrease in the rate of destruction of red blood cells. This picture is not observed in any other diseases. They attributed this phenomenon - along with several other somatic phenomena - to the "flooding" ("Uberschwemmuiig") of the blood of some toxic substance formed during the process of protein metabolism and having the same effect as histamine in animal experiments. All this was revealed during the study of cases of lethal catatonia, which had already been described in sufficient detail.

The classic picture of lethal catatonia is as follows: motor restlessness increases continuously and steadily, physical strength increases monstrously, which leads to self-destruction. Severe cyanosis of the extremities occurs. The skin of the extremities is cold and covered with moisture; in many areas, due to pressure or shock, bruises occur, which soon turn into yellow spots. Blood pressure, which had been soaring, falls; the excitement subsides. The patients lie exhausted, with a tense expression on their faces; their consciousness is usually darkened. Although the skin is cold, body temperature can jump up to 40 degrees. The autopsy does not reveal the cause of death; changes are not detected that could indicate any significant cause of the disease.

K. Scheid, who studied schizophrenia, described a different picture. He found a clear increase in the sedimentation reaction, in some periods combined with an increase in body temperature, and a symptom of an increased rate of formation and destruction of red blood cells. Usually the processes of formation and destruction of bodies are mutually balanced; with rapid hemolysis, as a rule, pronounced anemia appears. There is no evidence of a serious physical disorder that could underlie these types of febrile episodes.

In all these works we are talking about particular pictures or limited types, but not about knowledge of the somatopathology of schizophrenia as a whole. Therefore, we do not have to rely on identifying general patterns; We are left with a small number of classic cases and a great many current controversies. For example, Yang and Gräfing do not find destruction of red blood cells in fatal catatonia, while Scheid, in connection with the study of catatonic episodes, indicates something exactly the opposite: a decrease in hemoglobin content and the appearance of its breakdown products.

In connection with all these findings, it would be natural to think of a somatic disease that behaves essentially the same way as all other somatic diseases. This can be confirmed by severe somatic symptoms, and in the psychological aspect, by the similarity between schizophrenic experiences and experiences of mescaline (and other poisons) poisoning. This indicates the existence of some agent that has yet to be identified as its original cause. This hypothesis, however, is contradicted by the lack of pathological data that might indicate a cause. as well as unusual deviations in somatic indicators - for example, in those that relate to the typology of circulatory system disorders. The new discoveries make a deep impression. Their meaning is still not entirely clear. Much will be decided once it is possible to find out whether the same disorders can, in principle, also occur in animals or whether the disease as a whole is inherent only in humans. In any case, we are dealing with a phenomenon related to human nature, with a process occurring at the level of that basis of human existence, where the physical and mental are still inseparable.

Physical health(somatic) is the most important component in the complex structure of human health. It is determined by the body’s ability to self-regulate.

Physical health is a state of the human body, characterized by the ability to adapt to various environmental factors, the level of physical development, and the physical and functional readiness of the body to perform physical activity.

The degree of a person’s physical health is reliably determined by medicine using special differential diagnostic techniques.

Mental health indicators presented by a number of domestic authors (Grombakh A.M., 1988; Tkhostov A.Sh., 1993; Lebedinsky V.V., 1994; Karvasarsky B.D., 1982, etc.)

Taking into account complaints about the health of the person himself, there are four groups of people:

ü 1st group - completely healthy people, no complaints;

ü 2nd group - mild functional disorders, episodic complaints of an astheno-neurotic nature associated with specific traumatic events, tension in adaptation mechanisms under the influence of negative microsocial factors;

ü 3rd group - persons with preclinical conditions and clinical forms in the compensation stage, persistent asthenoneurotic complaints outside the framework of difficult situations, overstrain of adaptation mechanisms (such persons have a history of unfavorable pregnancy, childbirth, diathesis, head injuries and chronic infections);

ü 4th group - clinical forms of the disease in the subcompensation stage, insufficiency or breakdown of adaptation mechanisms.

The transition from the psychological to the social level is conditional. Mental health is influenced by social factors, family, communication with friends and relatives, work, leisure, religion, etc. Only people with a healthy psyche feel like active participants in the social system, and mental health itself is usually defined as involvement in communication, in social interaction.

Mental health criteria are based on the concepts of “adaptation”, “socialization” and “individualization” (Abramova G.S., Yudchits Yu.A., 1998).

The concept of "adaptation" "includes a person’s ability to consciously relate to the functions of his body (digestion, excretion, etc.), as well as his ability to regulate his mental processes (manage his thoughts, feelings, desires). There are limits to individual adaptation, but an adapted person can live in the usual its geosocial conditions.

Socialization determined by three criteria related to human health.

ü The first is associated with the ability to respond to another person as an equal. "Another is as alive as I am."

ü The second criterion is defined as a reaction to the fact of the existence of certain norms in relations with others and as the desire to follow them.

ü The third criterion is how a person experiences his relative dependence on other people. There is a necessary measure of loneliness for every person, and if a person exceeds this measure, then he feels bad. The measure of loneliness is a kind of correlation between the need for independence, privacy from others and one’s place among one’s environment.

Individualization, according to K.G. Jung, allows us to describe the formation of a person’s attitude towards himself. A person himself creates his own qualities in mental life, he realizes his own uniqueness as a value and does not allow other people to destroy it. The ability to recognize and preserve individuality in oneself and others is one of the most important parameters of mental health.

Every person has the possibilities of adaptation, socialization and individualization, the degree of their implementation depends on the social situation of his development, the ideals of a normative person in a given society at a given specific moment.

However, one can also notice the insufficiency of these criteria for a complete description internal picture of health . In particular, it is also connected with the fact that any person potentially has the opportunity to look at his life from the outside and evaluate it ( reflection ). Significant feature reflective experiences is that they arise against the will and individual efforts. They are prerequisites for a person’s spiritual life, in which, unlike mental life, the result is the experience of life as a value.

A person’s spiritual health, as many psychologists emphasize (Maslow A., Rogers K., etc.), manifests itself, first of all, in a person’s connection with the whole world. This can manifest itself in various ways - in religiosity, in feelings of beauty and harmony, admiration for life itself, joy from life.

Experiences in which there is a connection with other people, compliance with a specific ideal of a person constitute the content of the internal picture of health as a transcendental, holistic view of life.

Characteristics of healthy people (according to A. Maslow):

1) Highest degree of perception of reality

2) Greater ability to accept oneself, others and the world as they truly are

3) Increased spontaneity, spontaneity

4) Greater ability to focus on a problem

5) More pronounced detachment and a clear desire for solitude

6) More pronounced autonomy and opposition to familiarization with any one culture

7) Greater freshness of perception and richness of emotional reactions

8) More frequent breakthroughs to the peak of experiences

9) Stronger identification with the entire human race

10) Improvement in interpersonal relationships

11) More democratic character structure

12) High creativity

13) Certain changes in the value system

Social health is reflected in the following characteristics: adequate perception of social reality, interest in the world around us, adaptation to the physical and social environment, consumer culture, altruism, empathy, responsibility to others, democratic behavior.

A “healthy society” is a society where the level of “social diseases” is minimal (Nikiforov G.S., 1999).

Social health includes:

· the social significance of certain diseases due to their prevalence, economic losses caused by them, severity (i.e. threat to the existence of the population or fear of such a threat);

· the influence of the social order on the causes of diseases, the nature of their course and outcomes (i.e., the possibility of recovery or death);

· assessment of the biological state of a certain part or the entire human population based on integrated statistical indicators that make up social statistics.

Thus, promising areas of health psychology are the study of health mechanisms, the development of health diagnostics (determining health levels) and borderline conditions, the attitude of the health care and prevention system towards healthy clients. The practical task is to create simple and easy-to-use tests to determine health and the initial stages of diseases, and to create a variety of preventive programs.

Despite the fact that mental health problems have been actively studied by domestic psychologists, health psychology as a separate field of knowledge is more widespread abroad, where it is more actively being introduced into the practice of medical institutions. In modern Russia, health psychology as a new and independent scientific direction is going through the stage of its formation.

LECTURE 6

PLAN:

1. Types of diagnostics, purpose, objectives

2. Indicators of physical development

3. Assessment of functional fitness

4. Self-control

4.1. Subjective indicators of self-control

4.2. Objective indicators of self-control

DIAGNOSTICS - assessment of the health status of the student.

DIAGNOSIS - a conclusion about the student’s state of health.

The main types of diagnostics are:

· Medical supervision- comprehensive medical examination of physical development and functional readiness of those involved in physical culture and sports.

· Pedagogical control- a systematic process of obtaining information about the physical condition of those involved in physical culture and sports.

· Self-control- regular observations of those involved in their health, functional and physical fitness and their changes under the influence of physical exercise and sports.

Purpose of diagnosis- optimization of the process of physical education classes based on an objective assessment of various aspects of the condition of those involved.

Diagnostic tasks:

1) Medical monitoring of the health of persons involved in physical education and sports;

2) Assessing the effectiveness of the applied means and methods of training;

3) Implementation of the training plan;

4) Determination of tests to assess preparedness (physical, technical, tactical, moral-volitional, theoretical);

5) Forecasting the achievements of athletes;

6) Identification of the dynamics of sports results;

7) Selection of talented athletes.

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT is a natural process of age-related changes in the morphological and functional properties of the human body during his life.

The term “physical development” is used in two meanings:

1) as a process occurring in the human body during natural age-related development and under the influence of physical culture;

2) as a state, i.e. as a complex of signs characterizing the morphofunctional state of the organism, the level of development of physical abilities necessary for the life of the organism.

Features of physical development are determined using anthropometry.

ANTHROPOMETRIC INDICATORS is a complex of morphological and functional data that characterizes age and gender characteristics of physical development.

The following anthropometric indicators are distinguished:

Somatometric;

Physiometric;

Somatoscopic.

Somatometric indicators include:

· Height- body length.

The greatest body length is observed in the morning. In the evening, as well as after intense physical exercise, height may decrease by 2 cm or more. After exercises with weights and a barbell, height may decrease by 3-4 cm or more due to compaction of the intervertebral discs.


· Weight- it would be more correct to say “body weight”.

Body weight is an objective indicator of health status. It changes during physical exercise, especially in the initial stages. This occurs as a result of the release of excess water and the combustion of fat. Then the weight stabilizes, and later, depending on the focus of the training, it begins to decrease or increase. It is advisable to monitor body weight in the morning on an empty stomach.

To determine normal weight, various weight-height indices are used. In particular, Broca's index is widely used in practice, according to which normal body weight is calculated as follows:

For people 155-165 cm tall:

optimal weight = body length - 100

For people 165-175 cm tall:

optimal weight = body length - 105

For people 175 cm tall and above:

optimal weight = body length - 110

More accurate information about the relationship between physical weight and body constitution is provided by a method that, in addition to height, also takes into account chest circumference:

· Circles- volumes of the body in its various zones.

Usually the circumferences of the chest, waist, forearm, shoulder, hip, etc. are measured. A centimeter tape is used to measure body circumference.

Chest circumference is measured in three phases: during normal quiet breathing, maximum inhalation and maximum exhalation. The difference between the sizes of the circles during inhalation and exhalation characterizes the chest excursion (ECC). The average EGC size usually ranges from 5-7 cm.

Circumference of waist, hips, etc. are used, as a rule, to control the figure.

· Diameters- the width of the body in its various zones.

Physiometric indicators include:

· Vital capacity of the lungs (VC)- the volume of air obtained during the maximum exhalation made after the maximum inhalation.

Vital vital capacity is measured with a spirometer: having previously taken 1-2 breaths, the subject takes a maximum breath and smoothly blows air into the mouthpiece of the spirometer until it fails. The measurement is carried out 2-3 times in a row, the best result is recorded.

Average vital capacity indicators:

For men 3500-4200 ml,

In women 2500-3000 ml,

Athletes have 6000-7500 ml.

To determine the optimal vital capacity of a particular person, it is used Ludwig's equation:

Men: due vital capacity = (40xL)+(30xP) - 4400

Women: due vital capacity = (40xL)+(10xP) - 3800

where L is height in cm, P is weight in kg.

For example, for a girl 172 cm tall and weighing 59 kg, the optimal vital capacity is: (40 x 172) + (10 x 59) - 3800 = 3670 ml.

· Breathing rate- the number of complete respiratory cycles per unit of time (eg, per minute).

The normal respiratory rate of an adult is 14-18 times per minute. Under load it increases 2-2.5 times.

· Oxygen consumption- the amount of oxygen used by the body at rest or during exercise in 1 minute.

At rest, a person on average consumes 250-300 ml of oxygen per minute. With physical activity this value increases.

The greatest amount of oxygen that the body can consume per minute during maximum muscular work is called maximum oxygen consumption (IPC).

· Dynamometry- determination of the flexion strength of the hand.

The flexion force of the hand is determined by a special device - a dynamometer, measured in kg.

Right-handers have average values ​​of right hand strength:

For men 35-50 kg;

For women 25-33 kg.

The average strength of the left hand is usually 5-10 kg less.

When doing dynamometry, it is important to take into account both absolute and relative strength, i.e. correlated with body weight.

To determine relative strength, arm strength is multiplied by 100 and divided by body weight.

For example, a young man weighing 75 kg showed a right hand strength of 52 kg:

52 x 100 / 75 = 69.33%

Average relative strength indicators:

In men, 60-70% of body weight;

In women, 45-50% of body weight.

Somatoscopic indicators include:

· Posture- the usual pose of a casually standing person.

At correct posture in a well-physically developed person, the head and torso are on the same vertical, the chest is raised, the lower limbs are straightened at the hip and knee joints.

At incorrect posture the head is slightly tilted forward, the back is hunched, the chest is flat, the stomach is protruded.

· Body type- characterized by the width of skeletal bones.

The following are distinguished: body types: asthenic (narrow-boned), normosthenic (normal-boned), hypersthenic (broad-boned).

· Chest shape

The following are distinguished: chest shapes: conical (the epigastric angle is greater than the right angle), cylindrical (the epigastric angle is straight), flattened (the epigastric angle is less than the right angle).


 Fig 3. Shapes of the chest:

a - conical;

b - cylindrical;

c - flattened;

α - epigastric angle

The conical shape of the chest is typical for people who do not engage in sports.

The cylindrical shape is more common among athletes.

A flattened chest is observed in adults who lead a sedentary lifestyle. Individuals with a flattened chest may have decreased respiratory function.

Physical exercise helps increase the volume of the chest.

· Back shape

There are the following back shapes: normal, round, flat.

An increase in the curvature of the spine backward relative to the vertical axis by more than 4 cm is called kyphosis, forward - lordosis.

Normally, there should also be no lateral curvatures of the spine - scoliosis. Scoliosis is right-, left-sided and S-shaped.

One of the main causes of spinal curvature is insufficient motor activity and general functional weakness of the body.

· Leg shape

There are the following leg shapes: normal, X-shaped, O-shaped.

development of bones and muscles of the lower extremities.

· Foot shape

There are the following foot shapes: hollow, normal, flattened, flat.

Rice. 6. Foot Shapes:

a - hollow

b - normal

c - flattened

g - flat

The shape of the feet is determined by external examination or by foot prints.

· Belly shape

There are the following forms of the abdomen: normal, saggy, retracted.

A saggy abdomen is usually caused by poor development of the abdominal wall muscles, which is accompanied by prolapse of the internal organs (intestines, stomach, etc.).

A retracted abdomen occurs in people with well-developed muscles and little fat deposits.

· Fat deposition

There are: normal, increased and decreased fat deposition. In addition, the uniformity and local deposition of fat are determined.

produce measured compression of the fold, which is important for measurement accuracy.