Garnet bracelet courage and cowardice. Courage and cowardice in love
As soon as the child begins to understand and evaluate his place in the team, he masters the concepts of courage and cowardice. And already at an early age we understand that being courageous is good, and cowardly is bad, courage is the ability to take decisive actions in a difficult situation, and cowardice is avoiding these actions, fleeing. Is a brave man always right in his actions, how to distinguish genuine courage from ostentatious bravado?
In domestic literature there are enough examples of courageous acts of heroes, and vice versa, acts of ridiculous bravado, from which there is no use to anyone. In the novel “Hero of Our Time” by M.Yu. Lermontov in the story about Princess Mary, one of the heroes is the young cunker Grushnitsky. In the description of Pechorin, Grushnitsky appears as a man who clearly demonstrates some kind of courage not ours: “I saw him in action: he waves his sword, screams and rushes forward with his eyes shut. This is not Russian courage! ”On the one hand, Grushnitsky has the St. George Cross, and on the other hand, according to Pechorin, he is a coward. Is it so? It is enough to recall the scene of the quarrel between Grushnitsky and Pechorin, when the former junker slandered the princess in order to take revenge, and Pechorin demanded an apology. He preferred to lie than to admit to everyone that he had actually slandered the girl. Because he was afraid of condemnation and by whom? A vile water society, ready to slander anyone, just to look like a hero in the eyes of others. Dragoon captain, who was the leader of this society. Even in the face of death, Grushnitsky “wraps himself in magnificent phrases”, proclaiming absurdity: “There is no place for both of us on earth ...” Magnificent and catchy, but why? To look! True courage would be to acknowledge your cowardice, the fear of appearing miserable in front of a lush society proclaiming false values. But Grushnitsky is not capable of this.
In the novel by Leo Tolstoy, “War and Peace,” Nikolai Rostov considers himself a brave man. And so it is. Yes, in the first battle near Shengraben he was frightened of the approaching French and, instead of firing, threw a gun and rushed to run away like a hare. Tolstoy writes about this, without embellishment. Because it was the first fight. Courage is formed over time, later Rostov will become a real officer, not only in battle, but in life. When he lost the fabulous sum to Dolokhov, he confessed to himself the crime he had committed, vowed never to sit down at the card table and make up for all the loss to the family. And when fate brought him to Princess Bolkonskaya, he was able to quickly restore order among the rebellious serfs, putting them in their place.
Courage is a quality that is formed over time, a person draws conclusions from unsightly acts committed under the influence of circumstances and never repeats them. This is true courage.
“Courage and cowardice” - arguments for the final essay
A composition in the context of this aspect can be based on a comparison of the opposite manifestations of personality - from decisiveness and courage, the manifestation of the willpower and fortitude of some heroes to the desire to evade responsibility, hide from danger, and show weakness, which can even lead to betrayal.
Examples of the manifestation of these human qualities can be found in almost any work of classical literature.
A.S. Pushkin "Captain's daughter"
An example is the comparison between Grinev and Shvabrin: the first is ready to die in the battle for the fortress, expresses his position directly to Pugachev, risking his life, remained faithful to the oath on pain of death, the second was afraid for his life and went over to the side of the enemy.
Truly courageous is the daughter of Captain Mironov.
"Trusikha" Masha, who shuddered from shots during training in the fortress, shows remarkable courage and firmness, resists the claims of Shvabrin, being in his full power in the fortress occupied by the Pugachevites.
The protagonist of the novel A.S. Pushkin's “Eugene Onegin” essentially turned out to be a coward - he completely subordinated his life to the opinion of a society that he himself despised. Realizing that he is guilty of a duel that has matured and can prevent it, he does not do this, because he is afraid of the opinions of the world and is gossip about himself. To avoid accusations of cowardice, he kills his friend.
A striking example of true courage is the main character of the novel M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don" Grigory Melekhov. The First World War grabbed Gregory and spun in a whirlwind of turbulent historical events. Gregory, like a true Cossack, all surrenders to battle. He is determined and courageous. Easily captures three Germans, cleverly strikes the enemy’s battery, and saves the officer. Evidence of his courage - St. George's crosses and medals, officer rank.
Gregory shows courage not only in battle. He is not afraid to radically change his life, to go against the will of his father for the sake of his beloved woman. Gregory does not tolerate injustice and always openly talks about it. He is ready to drastically change his fate, but not to change himself. Grigory Melekhov showed extraordinary courage in the search for truth. But for him it is not just an idea, an idealized symbol of a better human being.
He is looking for her embodiment in life. In contact with many small particles of truth and ready to accept each, he often discovers their failure in the face of life, but the hero does not stop in search of truth and justice and goes all the way to the end of the novel, making his choice.
Not afraid to completely change his life and the young monk, the hero of the poem
M.Yu. Lermontov "Mtsyri".
The dream of a free life completely captured Mtsyri, a fighter by nature, forced by circumstances to live in a gloomy monastery that he hated. He, who has not lived a day at large, independently decides on a courageous act - an escape from the monastery in the hope of returning to his homeland. Only in the wild, in those days that Mtsyri spent outside the monastery, all the wealth of his nature was revealed: love of freedom, thirst for life and struggle, persistence in achieving the goal, unbending willpower, courage, contempt for danger, love of nature, understanding of its beauty and power. Courage, the will to win, is shown by Mtsyri in the fight against the leopard. In his story about how he went down from the cliffs to the stream, there is contempt for danger:
But free youth is strong
And death seemed not scary.
Mtsyri failed to achieve his goal - to find his homeland, his people.
“The prison has left its seal on me,” he explains the reason for his failure. Mtsyri fell victim to circumstances that turned out to be stronger than him (a steady motive of fate in the works of Lermontov). But he dies adamant, his spirit is not broken.
Great courage is required in order to preserve oneself, one’s personality under the conditions of a totalitarian regime, not to give up one’s ideals and ideas, including in creativity, not to submit to conjuncture. The question of courage and cowardice is one of the central issues in the novel by M.A. Bulgakova "The Master and Margarita."
The words of the hero of the novel Ga-Nozri affirm the idea that one of the main human vices is cowardice. This idea is traced throughout the novel. The all-seeing Woland, opening the curtain of time to us, shows that the course of history does not change human nature: Judah, aloisia (traitors, scammers) exist at all times. But betrayal is also most likely based on cowardice - a vice that has always existed, a vice that underlies many serious sins.
Are not traitors cowards? Aren't flatterers cowards? And if a person is lying, he is also afraid of something. As far back as the 18th century, the French philosopher C. Helvetius maintained that "after courage, there is nothing more beautiful than recognition in cowardice."
In his novel, Bulgakov claims that man is responsible for perfecting the world in which he lives. The position of non-participation is not accepted. Can Masters be called a hero? Most likely no. The master was not able to remain a fighter to the end. The master is not a hero, he is only a servant of truth. Master cannot be a hero, since he feared - he abandoned his book. He is broken by the adversity that fell upon him, but he broke himself. Then, when he fled from reality to Stravinsky’s clinic, when he assured himself that “there is no need to set big plans,” he condemned himself to inaction of the spirit. He is not a creator, he is only a Master, therefore he is only granted
Yeshua is a wandering young philosopher who came to Yershalaim to preach his teaching. He is a physically weak person, but at the same time he is a spiritually strong person, he is a man of thought. Under no circumstances does the hero give up his views. Yeshua believes that a person can be changed for the better. It’s very difficult to be kind, therefore good can easily be replaced with all kinds of surrogates, which often happens. But if a person does not scare, does not give up his views, then such goodness is omnipotent. The "tramp", "weak man" managed to turn the life of Pontius Pilate, the "almighty ruler".
Pontius Pilate is the representative of the power of imperial Rome in Judea. The rich life experience of this person helps him understand Ga-Nozri. Pontius Pilate does not want to ruin the life of Yeshua, tries to persuade him to compromise, and when this does not succeed, he wants to persuade the high priest Kaif to have mercy on Ga-Nozri on the occasion of the Easter holiday. Pontius Pilate feels pity for Yeshua, and compassion, and fear. It is fear that ultimately determines its choice. This fear is born of dependence on the state, the need to follow its interests. Pontius Pilate for M. Bulgakov is not just a coward, an apostate, but he is also a victim. Departing from Yeshua, he destroys both himself and his soul. Even after physical death, he is doomed to mental suffering, of which only Yeshua can save him.
Margarita in the name of her love and faith in the talent of her lover overcomes fear and her own weakness, even circumstances prevail.
Yes, Margarita is not an ideal person: after becoming a witch, she smashes the house of writers, participates in the ball of Satan with the greatest sinners of all time. But she was not afraid. Margarita is fighting for her love to the end. It is not for nothing that Bulgakov calls on the foundation of human relations to put precisely love and mercy.
In the novel "The Master and Margarita", according to A.Z. Vulisa, there is a philosophy of retaliation: what he deserved, he received. The greatest vice - cowardice - will necessarily entail retribution: the torment of the soul and conscience. Even in the "White Guard" M. Bulgakov warned: "Never run away with a rat run into the unknown from danger."
Taking responsibility for the fate of other people, possibly weaker ones, is also a great courage. Such is Danko - the hero of the legend from the story of M. Gorky “The Old Woman Isergil”.
A proud, “best of all” man, Danko died for the sake of people. The legend told by the old woman Isergil is based on an ancient legend about a man who saved people, showed them the way from an impenetrable forest. Danko had a strong-willed character: the hero did not want a slave life for his tribe and at the same time understood that people would not be able to live in the depths of the forest for a long time without the usual space and light for them. Spiritual stamina, inner wealth, true perfection in biblical tales were embodied in outwardly beautiful people. That is how the old man's idea of \u200b\u200bspiritual and physical beauty was expressed: “Danko is one of those people, a young handsome man. Beautiful
Always brave. ” Danko believes in his own strengths, therefore does not want to spend them "on thought and longing." The hero seeks to lead people out of the darkness of the forest to freedom, where there is a lot of warmth and light. Having a strong-willed character, he takes on the role of a leader, and people "all together followed him - believed in him." The hero was not afraid of difficulties during the difficult journey, but he did not take into account the weak-willedness of people who soon “began to murmur,” since they did not possess Danko's stamina and did not have a firm will. The climax of the narrative was the scene of the trial of Danko, when people, tired of the gravity of the path, hungry and evil, began to blame their leader for everything: “You are an insignificant and harmful person for us! You led us and weary you, and you will perish for that! ”Without enduring the difficulties, people began to shift the responsibility from themselves to Danko, wanting to find the guilty person for their misfortunes. The hero, selflessly loving people, realizing that without him everyone would die, “tore his chest with his hands and tore his heart out of it and raised it high above his head”. Lighting up the dark path from an impassable forest with
with his heart, Danko led people out of darkness to where “the sun shone, the steppe sighed, the grass shone in the rain diamonds and the river sparkled with gold”. Danko looked at the picture before him and died. The author calls his hero a proud daredevil who died for the sake of people. The final episode makes the reader think about the moral side of the hero’s deed: were Danko’s deaths in vain, were people worthy of such a sacrifice. The image of a “cautious” person who appeared in the epilogue of the narrative, frightened by something and stepped on “a proud heart with a foot” is important.
The writer characterizes Danko as the best of people. Indeed, the main character traits of the hero are spiritual stamina, willpower, selflessness, the desire to serve people wholeheartedly, courage. He sacrificed his life not only for those whom he brought out of the forest, but also for his own sake: he could not do otherwise, the hero needed to help people. The feeling of love filled Danko’s heart, was an integral part of his nature, therefore M. Gorky calls the hero “the best of all”. Researchers note the connection of the image of Danko with Moses, Prometheus and Jesus Christ. The name Danko is associated with the root words "tribute," "lady," "giver." The most important words of a proud, courageous man in a legend: “What will I do for people ?!”
Many works of classical Russian literature raise the question of fear of life in its various manifestations. In particular, many works of A.P. are devoted to the theme of fear and cowardice. Chekhov: "Fears", "Cossack", "Champagne", "Beauties", "Lights", "Steppe", "Man in a Case",
“Death of an official”, “Ionych”, “Lady with a dog”, “Chameleon”, “Chamber
No. 6 "," Fear "," Black Monk ", etc.
The hero of the story "Fear" Dmitry Petrovich Silin is afraid of everything. According to the author of the story, he is "sick with a fear of life." The hero, according to Chekhov, scares the incomprehensible and incomprehensible. For example, Silin is afraid of terrible events, disasters and the most ordinary events. He is afraid of life itself. Everything that is incomprehensible in the world around him is a threat to him. He ponders and tries to find answers to his questions about the meaning of life and human existence. He is convinced that people understand what they see and hear, and he daily poisons himself with his own fear.
He is trying to hide and retire all the time. Dmitry Petrovich seems to be running away from life: he leaves his service in St. Petersburg because he feels feelings of fear and fear, and decides to live alone in his estate.
And here Silin receives a second strong blow when his wife and friend betray him. When he finds out about treason, fear drives him out of the house: "His hands were trembling, he was in a hurry and looked back at the house, probably he was scared." It is not surprising that the hero of the story compares himself with a newborn midge whose life consists of horrors alone.
In the story “Ward No. 6,” the theme of fear also comes to the fore. The hero of the story Andrei Efimovich is afraid of everything and everyone. Most of all he is wary of reality. Nature itself looks scary to him. The most ordinary things and objects seem frightening: "Here it is reality! - thought Andrei Efimovich. The moon, the prison, and the nails on the fence, and the distant flame in a bony plant were scary."
The fear of the incomprehensibility of life is presented in the story "A Man in a Case". This fear makes the hero move away from reality. The hero of the story, Belikov, is constantly trying to "hide from life" in the case. His case is made of circulars and prescriptions, the implementation of which he constantly monitors. His fear is uncertain. He is afraid of everything and at the same time nothing concrete. The most hated for him is the failure to comply with the rules and deviation from the regulations. Even insignificant little things plunge Belikov into mystical horror. "Reality annoyed him, frightened him, kept him in constant anxiety, and, perhaps, in order to justify his timidity, his aversion to the present, he always praised the past and that which never existed; and the ancient languages \u200b\u200bthat he taught , for him, in essence, were the same galoshes and umbrella where he was hiding from real life. " If Silin, because of a fear of life, is trying to hide in his estate, Belikov’s fear of life makes him hide in a case from the rules and strict laws and, in the end, hide himself underground forever.
The hero of the story "About Love" Alekhine is also afraid of everything and also prefers to hide, being alone in his estate, although he had a good opportunity to engage in literature. He is even afraid of his love and torments himself when he overdoes this feeling and loses his beloved woman.
The problem of fear of life is dedicated to the tale of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin "The Wise Gudgeon". The life of a gudgeon, uncomplicated in its structure, based on fear of the potential dangers of the world order, flashes before the reader. The father and mother of the hero lived a long life and died their death. And before leaving for another world, they bequeathed to their son to be careful, since all the inhabitants of the water world, and indeed man, in any
a moment can destroy him. The young gudgeon learned the science of his parents so well that he literally imprisoned himself in an underwater hole. He came out of it only at night, when everyone was asleep, malnourished and “trembling” around the clock - if only he would not be caught! In this fear, he lived for 100 years, really outliving his relatives, although he was a small fish that anyone can swallow. And in this sense, his life was a success. His other dream came true - to live so that no one would know about the existence of a wise gudgeon.
Before his death, the hero thinks about what would happen if all the fish lived the same way he did. And he is seeing: the genus of minnows would cease! All the possibilities passed by him - to make friends, create a family, raise children and pass on their life experience to them. He clearly understands this before death and, thinking deeply, falls asleep, and then involuntarily violates the boundaries of his hole: his snout from the hole appears outside. And then there’s room for reader’s imagination, because the author does not report what happened to the hero, but only states that he suddenly disappeared. There were no witnesses to this incident, so not only the minimum task to live unnoticed was achieved by the gudgeon, but also the “super task” - to disappear unnoticed as well. The author bitterly sums up the life of his hero: "Lived - trembled, and died - trembled."
Often boldness helps to become anxiety, caring for loved ones. A remarkable courage is shown by a little boy from the story of A.I. Kuprina “White Poodle” In the story, all the most important events are related to the white poodle Artaud. The dog is one of the artists of the strolling troupe. Grandfather Lodyzhkin appreciates him very much and says about the dog: "He feeds, drinks and dresses us two." It is with the help of the image of a poodle that the author reveals human feelings and relationships.
Grandfather and Sergei love Artoshka and treat him as a friend and family member. That is why they do not agree to sell their favorite dog for any money. But Trilli's mother believes: "Everything is for sale, what is bought." When her spoiled son wanted a dog, she offered the artists fabulous money and didn’t even want to listen that the dog was not for sale. When Arto could not buy, they decided to steal it. Here, when Grandfather Lodyzhkin showed weakness, Seryozha shows determination and goes to a brave, worthy adult person act: at all costs to return the dog. At the risk of his life, almost getting caught by a janitor, he frees a friend.
The topic of cowardice and courage has been repeatedly addressed by modern writers. One of the most striking works is the story
V. Zheleznikova "Scarecrow." A new student, Lena Bessoltseva, comes to one of the provincial schools. She is the granddaughter of an artist who leads a secluded lifestyle, which became the reason for the removal of citizens from him. Classmates openly make it clear to the new girl whose rules are here. Over time, they begin to despise her for her kindness and kindness, classmates give her the nickname "Scarecrow." Lena has a kind soul, and she tries in every possible way to establish contact with classmates, trying not to respond to an insulting nickname. However, the brutality of children led by class leaders has no limits. Only one person feels pity for the girl and begins to be friends with her - Dima Somov. Once the children decided to skip classes and go to the cinema. Dima returned to class to pick up the forgotten thing. A teacher met him, and the boy was forced to tell the truth that his classmates had fled from classes. After that, the children decide to punish Dima for betrayal, but unexpectedly, Lena, who has been neutral all this time, stands up for her friend and begins to justify him. Classmates quickly forget Dima’s sin and transfer their aggression to the girl. Lena announced a boycott to teach her a lesson. Cruel children burn a scarecrow, symbolizing Lena. The girl is no longer able to withstand such oppression, she asks her grandfather to leave this city. After Bessoltseva left, the children experience torment of conscience, they understand that they have lost a really good, honest person, but it’s too late to do anything.
The clear leader in the class is Iron Button. Her behavior is determined by the desire to be special: strong-willed, principled. However, these qualities are inherent in her only externally, she needs them in order to maintain leadership. At the same time, she is one of the few who partially sympathizes with Lena and distinguishes her from the rest: “I did not expect this from Scarecrow,” the Iron Button finally broke the silence. - Crashed everyone. Not all of us are capable of this. It’s a pity that she turned out to be a traitor, otherwise I would have made friends with her ... And you all are slammers. You don’t know what you want. ” And she realizes the reason for this sympathy only at the very end, at the moment of farewell to Bessoltseva. It becomes obvious that Lenka is not like the others. It has inner strength, courage, which allows it to resist lies and preserve the spiritual principle.
A special place in the system of images of the story is occupied by Dimka Somov. At first glance, this is a person who is not afraid of anything, is not dependent on others and is thus different from his peers. This is manifested in his actions: in his attempts to protect Lena, in how he freed the dog from Valka, in the desire to be independent from his parents and earn money himself. But then it turns out that, like Red, he depended on the class and was afraid to exist separately from him. Fearing the opinions of his classmates, he turned out to be capable of repeated betrayal: he betrays Bessoltsev when he does not admit his misconduct, when he burns a scarecrow with Lenka, tries to scare her, and throws her dress around with the rest. His external beauty does not correspond to the internal content, and in the episode of farewell to Bessoltseva, he causes only pity. Thus, none of the class passed the moral test: they lacked the moral foundation, inner strength and courage for this.
Unlike all the characters, Lena turns out to be a strong personality: nothing can push her to betrayal. Several times she forgives Somov - this indicates her kindness. She finds the strength in herself to survive all resentment and betrayal, not to become embittered. It is no accident that the action takes place against the background of portraits of the ancestors of Lena, especially the brave general Raevsky. Apparently, they are designed to emphasize the courage characteristic of its kind.
Courage and cowardice in extreme situations, in war.
The most clearly true qualities of the human person are manifested in extreme situations, in particular, in war.
Roman L.N. Tolstoy's “War and Peace” is not only and not so much about war, but about human characters and qualities that are manifested in difficult conditions of choice and the need to commit an act. Reflections on true courage, on courage, heroism and on cowardice as personality traits are important for the writer. Most clearly, these qualities are manifested in military episodes.
Drawing heroes, Tolstoy uses the method of opposition. How different we see Prince Andrei and Zherkov in the battle of Shengraben! Bagration sends Zherkov with an order to retreat to the left flank, that is, where it is most dangerous now. But Zherkov is desperately cowardly and therefore does not jump to where the shooting is, but searches for the bosses "in a safer place where they could not be." Therefore, a vital order by this adjutant
not transferred. But it is being transferred by another officer - Prince Bolkonsky. He is also scared, the cores fly right above him, but he forbids himself to be cowardly.
Zherkov was afraid to get to the battery, and at the officer's dinner he boldly and shamelessly laughed at an amazing hero, but a funny and timid man - captain Tushin. Not knowing how bravely the battery operated, Bagration scolded the captain for leaving the gun. None of the officers found the courage to say that Tushin’s battery was without cover. And only Prince Andrei was indignant at these unrest in the Russian army and his inability to value true heroes and not only justified the captain, but called him and his soldier the true heroes of the day, to whom the troops owe success.
Timokhin, inconspicuous and unremarkable in ordinary circumstances, also demonstrates true courage: "Timokhin with a desperate scream rushed at the French ... with one skewer, ran into the enemy, so that the French ... dropped their weapons and ran."
One of the main characters of the novel, Andrei Bolkonsky, possessed such qualities as pride, courage, decency and honesty. At the beginning of the novel, he is dissatisfied with the emptiness of society and therefore goes to military service, in the army. Going to war, he wants to accomplish a feat and earn folk love. In war he shows courage and courage, his soldiers characterize him as a strong, courageous and demanding officer. In the first place he puts honor, duty and justice. During the Battle of Austerlitz, Andrei accomplishes a feat: picks up a banner that fell from the hands of a wounded soldier and carries with him the soldiers fleeing in a panic.
Another hero who goes through a test of his character is Nikolai Rostov. When plot logic brings him to the battlefield of Shengraben, there comes a “moment of truth." Until this time, the hero is absolutely confident in his courage and that he will not be disgraced in battle. But, having seen the true face of the war, going up to the right side, Rostov realizes the impossibility of murder and death. “It can't be that they wanted to kill me,” he thinks, running away from the French. He is bewildered. Instead of shooting, he throws his gun at the enemy. His fear is not fear of the enemy. He is possessed by a “sense of fear for his happy young life."
Petya is the youngest in the Rostov family, the mother’s favorite. He gets to the war very young, and the main goal for him is to accomplish a feat, to become a hero: “... Petya was in a constantly happily excited state
joy in the fact that he is big, and in constantly enthusiastic haste not to miss any case of true heroism. ” He has little fighting experience, but a lot of youthful fervor. Therefore, he boldly rushes into the thick of the battle and falls under enemy fire. Despite his young age (16 years), Petya is desperately brave and sees his mission in serving the fatherland.
The Great Patriotic War provided a lot of material for reflection on courage and cowardice.
True courage, courage in a war can be shown not only by a soldier, a warrior, but also by a simple person, who, by force of circumstances, is involved in a terrible cycle of events. Such a story of a simple woman is described in a novel by V.A. Zakrutkina “The Mother of Man”.
In September 1941, Hitler’s troops advanced far into Soviet territory. Many regions of Ukraine and Belarus were occupied. Remained in the territory occupied by the Germans and a farmstead lost in the steppes, where a young woman Maria, her husband Ivan and their son Vasyatka happily lived. Having seized previously peaceful and abundant land, the Nazis ravaged everything, burned a farm, stole people to Germany, and hanged Ivan and Vasyatka. One Mary managed to escape. Lonely, she had to fight for her life and for the life of her unborn child.
Further events of the novel reveal the greatness of the soul of Mary, who truly became the Mother of man. Hungry, exhausted, she does not think about herself at all, saving the girl Sanya, mortally wounded by the Nazis. Sanya replaced the deceased Vasyatka, became a part of the life of Mary, which was crushed by the Nazi invaders. When the girl dies, Mary almost goes crazy, not seeing the meaning of her continued existence. And yet she finds the courage to live.
Feeling a burning hatred of the Nazis, Mary, having met a wounded young German, frantically rushes at him with a pitchfork, wanting to avenge his son and husband. But the German, a defenseless boy, shouted: “Mom! Mom! ”And the heart of a Russian woman trembled. The great humanism of a simple Russian soul is extremely simply and clearly shown by the author in this scene.
Maria felt her duty to people who had been driven to Germany, so she began to harvest from the collective farm fields not only for herself, but also for those who might still be returning home. A sense of accomplishment supported her in difficult and lonely days. Soon she had a large farm, because Mary’s looted and burned courtyard
all living things flowed. Maria became, as it were, the mother of all the land surrounding her, the mother who buried her husband, Vasyatka, Sanya, Werner Bracht and a stranger who was killed on the front line political instructor Slava. Maria was able to take under her shelter seven Leningrad orphans, by the will of fate brought to her farm.
So this brave woman was met by Soviet troops with children. And when the first Soviet soldiers entered the burnt farm, it seemed to Mary that she had given birth to not only her son, but all the war-destitute children of the world ...
The story of V. Bykov “Sotnikov” emphasizes the problem of genuine and imaginary courage and heroism, which is the essence of the storyline of the work. The main characters of the story - Sotnikov and Rybak - behaved differently in the same circumstances. Scared, the fisherman agreed to join the police, hoping, at the opportunity, to return to the partisan detachment. Sotnikov chooses a heroic death, because he is a man with a heightened sense of responsibility, duty, the ability not to think about himself, about his own fate, when the fate of the motherland is decided. Sotnikov’s death became his moral triumph: “And if anything else bothered him in life, then these are his last duties towards people.” But the fisherman discovered shameful cowardice, cowardice, and for the sake of his salvation agreed to become a policeman: "There was an opportunity to live - this is important. Everything else - then."
Sotnikov’s tremendous moral strength lies in the fact that he managed to accept suffering for his people, to maintain faith, not to succumb to the thought that Rybak succumbed to.
In the face of death, a person becomes what he really is. Here, the depth of his convictions, civic stamina is checked. This idea can be traced in the story of V. Rasputin "Live and Remember."
The heroes of the story, Nastena and Guskov, face the problem of moral choice. The deserter’s husband, who became a deserter by accident: after the wound he was on vacation, but for some reason he wasn’t given, he was immediately sent to the front. And, passing by his native home, an honestly fought soldier cannot stand it. He runs home, succumbed to the fear of death, becomes a deserter and a coward, condemning to death all for whom he went to fight, whom he loved so much: his wife Nastena and the child whom they had been waiting for ten years. And the tossing Nastena does not withstand the severity that fell on her. Not
maintains because her soul is too pure, her moral thoughts are too high, although she, perhaps, doesn’t even know a word. And she makes her choice: she leaves with her unborn child in the waters of the Yenisei, because it is a shame to live like this in the world. And not only the deserter Rasputin addresses his “live and remember”. He speaks to us, living: live, remembering that you always have a choice.
In the story K.D. Vorobyov's “Killed Near Moscow” tells of the tragedy of young Kremlin cadets sent to death during the German offensive near Moscow in the winter of 1941. In the story, the writer shows "the merciless, terrible truth of the first months of the war." The heroes of the story by K. Vorobyov are young ... The writer talks about what the Motherland, war, enemy, home, honor, death are for them. The whole horror of war is shown through the eyes of cadets. Vorobyov draws the path of the Kremlin cadet Lieutenant Alexei Yastrebov to victory over himself, over the fear of death, the path to gaining courage. Aleksey wins, because in a tragically cruel world, where the master of everything is now war, he retained dignity and humanity, good nature and love for the motherland. The death of a company, the suicide of Ryumin, the death under the tracks of German tanks that survived the cadets' raid - all this completed the reassessment of values \u200b\u200bin the mind of the protagonist.
In the story of V. Kondratiev “Sashka” the whole truth is revealed about the war, which is smelling of sweat and blood. The battles near Rzhev were terrible, debilitating, with huge human losses. And the war does not appear in the pictures of heroic battles - it is just hard, hard, dirty work. A man in a war is in extreme, inhuman conditions. Will he be able to remain a man next to death, blood mixed with dirt, cruelty and pain for scolded land and dead friends?
Sasha is an ordinary infantryman, he has been fighting for two months and saw a lot of terrible things. In two months, from one hundred and fifty people in the company remained sixteen. V. Kondratiev shows several episodes from Sasha’s life. Here he obtains boots for the company, risking his life, here he returns to the company under fire to say goodbye to the guys and give his machine gun, he leads the orderlies to the wounded man, not relying on the fact that they themselves will find him, then he takes the German prisoner and refuses shoot him ... Sasha shows desperate courage - he takes the German with his bare hands: he has no cartridges, he gave his disk to the company. But the war did not kill him with kindness and humanity.
Ordinary girls, the heroines of B. Vasiliev’s book “And the Dawns Here Are Quiet ...” did not want war. Rita, Zhenya, Lisa, Galya, Sonya entered into an unequal struggle with the Nazis. War made simple yesterday's schoolgirls brave warriors, because always "in important epochs of life ... a spark of heroism flares up in an ordinary person ...".
Rita Osyanina, strong-willed and gentle, she is the most courageous and fearless, because she is a mother! She protects the future of her son, and therefore is ready to die so that he can live. Eugene Komelkova - cheerful, funny, beautiful, mischievous to adventurism, desperate and tired of the war, from pain and love, long and painful, to a distant and married man. She, without hesitation, leads the Germans away from Vaskov and the wounded Rita. Saving them, perishes itself. “And she could have buried herself,” Vaskov said later, “but didn’t want to.” She didn’t want to, because she realized that she was saving others, that Rita needed her son — she had to live. Willingness to die in order to save another is not this real courage? Sonia Gurvich - the embodiment of an excellent student and poetic nature, “a beautiful stranger”, who came out of a volume of poems by A. Blok - rushes to save Vaskov’s pouch and dies at the hands of the fascist. Lisa Brichkina ...
"Ah, Lisa-Lizaveta, did not have time, could not overcome the quagmire of war." But without any hesitation, she ran back to hers for help. Was it scary? Oh sure. Alone among the swamps ... but it is necessary - and she went, not doubting for a minute. Is it courage born of war?
The main character of B. Vasiliev’s work “Not Listed” is Lieutenant Nikolai Pluzhnikov, who recently graduated from a military school. This is an enthusiastic young man, full of hope and believing that "... each commander must first serve in the army." Talking about the short life of the lieutenant, B. Vasiliev shows how a young man becomes a hero.
Having been assigned to the Special Western District, Kolya was happy. As he flew on the wings to the city of Brest-Litovsk, in a hurry to quickly determine the part. His guide in the city was the girl Mirra, who helped him get to the fortress. Before coming to the duty officer on the shelf, Kolya went to the warehouse to clean his uniform. And at that time the first explosion was heard ... So for Pluzhnikov the war began.
Having barely managed to jump out before the second explosion, which blocked the entrance to the warehouse, the lieutenant began his first battle. He strove to accomplish the feat, proudly thinking: “I went on a real attack and, it seems, killed someone. there is
what to tell ... ". And the next day he was frightened of the German machine gunners and, saving his life, threw the fighters who had already trusted him.
From this moment, the lieutenant’s consciousness begins to change. He blames himself for cowardice and sets a goal: at all costs to prevent enemies from seizing the Brest Fortress. Pluzhnikov realizes that true heroism and heroism requires a person to be courageous, responsible, willing to “lay down his soul for his own friends”. And we see how the awareness of duty becomes the driving force of his actions: you can’t think about yourself, because the Homeland is in danger. Having gone through all the cruel trials of the war, Nikolai became an experienced fighter, ready to give everything in the name of victory and firmly believing that "it is impossible to defeat a person even by killing him."
Feeling a blood connection with the Fatherland, he remained faithful to military duty, which called for fighting the enemies to the end. After all, the lieutenant could leave the fortress, and this would not be desertion on his part, because he was not listed. Pluzhnikov understood that protecting his homeland was his sacred duty.
Left alone in the ruined fortress, the lieutenant met the foreman Semishny, who from the very beginning of the siege of Brest carried the banner of the regiment on his chest. Dying of hunger and thirst, with a broken spine, the foreman kept this shrine, firmly believing in the liberation of our homeland. Pluzhnikov accepted the banner from him, having received orders to survive at all costs and return the scarlet banner to Brest.
Nikolay had to go through a lot during these harsh days of testing. But no troubles could break a man in him and extinguish his fiery love for the Fatherland, because "in important periods of life, sometimes a spark of heroism flares up in an ordinary person" ...
The Germans drove him into the casemate, from which there was no second exit. Pluzhnikov hid the banner and came into the world, saying to the man sent after him: “The fortress did not fall: it simply bleed. I am her last straw ... ”How deeply revealed in his human nature is Nikolai Pluzhnikov in the final scene of the novel when he, accompanied by Reuben Svitsky, leaves the casemate. It is written if you apply for an analogy to musical creativity, on the principle of a final chord.
Everyone in the fortress was surprised to look at Nikolai, this
"The unconquered son of the unconquered Homeland." Before them stood "an incredibly thin, no longer having an age man." The lieutenant was "without a hat, long
gray hair touched his shoulders ... He stood, straightening upright, cocking his head high, and not looking up, looked at the sun with blinded eyes. And from these unblinking gaze, tears flowed uncontrollably. ”
Amazed at the heroism of Pluzhnikov, German soldiers and the general gave him the highest military honors. “But he did not see these honors, and if he did, he would not care. He was above all conceivable honors, above glory, above life, above death. " Lieutenant Nikolai Pluzhnikov was not born a hero. The author talks in detail about his pre-war life. He is the son of Commissioner Pluzhnikov, who died at the hands of the Basmachi. Even at school, Kolya considered for himself a model of a general who participated in Spanish events. And in conditions of war the unshooted lieutenant was forced to make independent decisions; when he received an order to retreat, he did not leave the fortress. Such a construction of the novel helps to understand the spiritual world not only of Pluzhnikov, but also of all the courageous defenders of the fatherland.
Alexander Ivanovich Kuprin is a Russian writer. Born on August 26, 1870 in the county town of Narovchat, in the family of an official. The works of a remarkable writer are destined for a long life. His tales and stories continue to excite people of different generations. In my opinion, Kuprin’s most touching works are his love story “Garnet Bracelet” and “Olesya”. It is love that inspires the heroes, gives them self-confidence. Love is revealed by the writer as a strong, passionate feeling. It allows heroes to reveal the best qualities of the soul. But love in the works of Kuprin often ends in tragedy.
The sad and poetic story of a pure and wise "daughter of nature" from the story "Olesya". This amazing character embodied the mind, beauty, responsiveness, selflessness and willpower. The image of the forest sorceress is covered in mystery. Her fate is unusual, life away from people in an abandoned forest hut. The girl is very much influenced by nature. Separation from civilization allows it to maintain the purity of nature. On the one hand, she is naive because she does not know elementary things, yielding in this to the intelligent and educated Ivan Timofeevich. But on the other hand, Olesya has some kind of higher knowledge, which is inaccessible to an ordinary intelligent person. Ivan Timofeevich falls in love with Olesya. But he is a man of his time, of his circle. Reproaching Olesya for superstition, Ivan Timofeevich himself is no less in the grip of the rules by which people of his circle lived. He did not dare even imagine what Olesya would look like, dressed in a fashionable dress, talking in the living room with the wives of his colleagues. Olesya, torn from the "charming frame of the old forest."
Near Olesya, he looks like a weak man, "a man with a lazy heart" who will not bring happiness to anyone. “There will be no great joys in your life, but there will be many boredom and burdens,” Olesya predicts to him on the cards. Ivan Timofeevich could not save Olesya from trouble, who, trying to make her beloved beloved, went to church contrary to her convictions, despite the fear of hatred by local inhabitants. In Oles there is courage and decisiveness that our hero lacks, in it there is the ability to act. Petty calculations and fears are alien to her when it comes to feeling: “Let it be, that will be, but I will not give my joy to anyone.”
Love Olesya becomes the greatest gift that can give life to the hero of the story. There is selflessness in this love, and courage on the one hand, and a contradiction on the other. Olesya initially understands the tragic outcome of their relationship, but is ready to give herself to her lover. Even leaving her hometown, the battered Olesya does not curse the one who destroyed her, but blesses those brief minutes of happiness that she experienced.The tragedy of love between Olesya and Ivan Timofeevich is the tragedy of people who "broke out" of their social environment. The fate of Olesya herself is tragic, for she sharply differed from modern peasants primarily in her pure, open soul, the wealth of the inner world. That is what became the hatred of Oles. As you know, people always seek to destroy the one whom they do not understand, the one who is different from them. Therefore, Olesya is forced to part with her beloved and flee from her native forest.
1. The image of Olesya, special features of her character.
2. The feeling that Ivan Timofeevich had for Oles.
3. Sacrifice and determination of a girl from Polesie.
... So, the fate of our happiness does not want you ... And if not for this, do you think I would be afraid of something?
A. I. Kuprin
Olesya, a tall, twenty-four-year-old girl from Polesie, Volyn province, immediately struck the narrator, Ivan Timofeevich, with her unusual, irresistible, natural beauty and nature. She was much more beautiful than the local girls, because she did not hide her beauty: “A tall brunette, about twenty to twenty-five years old, kept herself light and slender. A spacious white shirt freely and beautifully encircled her young, healthy breasts. The original beauty of her face, once he saw him, could not be forgotten, but it was difficult, even getting used to him, to describe him. His charm lay in these large, brilliant, dark eyes, which thin, broken in the middle of the eyebrows gave an elusive shade of cunning, power and naivety; in a dark-pink skin tone, in a willful bend of the lips, of which the lower, somewhat fuller, stood forward with a decisive and capricious look. " The granddaughter of the witch Manuilihi lived with her grandmother in a forest hut and was very attentive to the nature surrounding her. Moreover, Olesya was an integral part of this living, almost pristine, not spoiled by harmful human activity, nature. Starlings and finches lived in their hut with their grandmother. Olesya hated the sight of the gun itself, because she knew: with it, people kill defenseless animals and birds: “Why beat birds or hares too? They don’t do anything bad to anyone, but they want to live just like you and me. I love them: they are so small, stupid ... " Olesya had self-confidence, independence and a genuine sense of dignity, a certain nobility and "innate elegant moderation." The girl, who grew up in the forest and rarely went out into the village in order to buy soap and tea, had a lively, flexible and penetrating mind. Despite some naivety and lack of education, Olesya had excellent innate intuition and some supernatural abilities of a hereditary healer and a witch. And especially Ivan Timofeevich was attracted to Oles “by her whole, distinctive, free nature, her mind, at the same time clear and shrouded in unshakable hereditary superstition, childishly innocent, but not devoid of the crafty coquetry of a beautiful woman.”
In the spring, when the main character of the work felt “sadness, full of restless expectations and vague forebodings,” he met Olesya. They began to spend evening hours together, talking a lot on different topics. Gradually, it all grew into a special affection. For the first time, Ivan feels a love feeling for Olesya before his illness, when the girl seemed to cool off to him: “I had not thought about love yet, but I was already experiencing an alarming period preceding love, full of vague, painfully sad feelings. No matter where I was, no matter what I tried to have fun with, all my thoughts were occupied with the image of Olesya, my whole being yearned for her, every memory of her sometimes the most insignificant words, of her gestures and smiles squeezed my silent and sweet pain a heart". A half-month separation further fanned Ivan Timofeevich’s love for a young resident of the forest, and, fortunately, his feeling turned out to be mutual. And until mid-June, lovers enjoyed a "naive, charming fairy tale of their love." But what did Ivan do to maintain this happiness, to become for his beloved defender and a reliable support for his whole life? He thought about marrying Oles, but the strong, educated man still lacked the determination to tell his beloved that he should leave soon. A young forest resident has to guess this Ivan Sadovych’s tidings. And he, making her an offer, expresses his consent to Olesya's offer to go to church. For some reason, Ivan thinks little about whether this “something very pleasant for him” will also be joyful for the girl herself? Would it be safe for a young witch? Unfortunately, Ivan Timofeevich does not attach much importance to the anxiety of his inner voice, does not save his beloved from a fatal step, and, as a result, loses it.
Olesya’s inner experiences are not described on the pages of the story, but her love is visible to us through her words, facial expressions, gestures, actions. The forest girl is stronger, fearless and decisive than her lover. Indeed, from the very beginning, after divination on the cards, she knew for sure that this love would bring her trouble. I learned that Ivan is "a kind man, but only a weak man." But she could not give up her happiness, nor the happiness of her beloved Vanya. And, in general, Olesya believed that fate could not be avoided. Her courage and independence is expressed not only in the proud statement to grandmother Manuilikh “My business, mine and answer”, but also in her other actions. It was she, Olesya, who incites Ivan Timofeevich to close relations, saying to his fears: “Today is our day, and no one will take it from us ...”. Sometimes there is a feeling that Olesya has given all of herself, all the best that is in her to her lover. And Ivan Timofeevich himself feels her high dedication: “... And how much I read in Olesya’s big dark eyes: the excitement of the meeting, and reproach for my long absence, and a warm declaration of love ... I felt that along with this with a glance Olesya gives me joyfully, without any conditions and hesitation, his whole being. ” But not everything went smoothly in the conversations of the young forest witch and Ivan: they had contradictions about religion. Vanya was a believing Christian, and Olesya felt that she, her grandmother, and her mother were always led by dark forces, the devil. Feeling the bitterness of the impending separation, the girl selflessly decided to make her beloved pleasant and go to church for his sake. She did not hear a word of warning or resistance from her beloved. On the contrary, Ivan supported this intention, so dangerous for a young witch, with the words: “A woman should be pious without reasoning. In that simple and gentle trustfulness with which she gives herself under the protection of God, I always feel something touching, feminine and beautiful. ” Did Olesya know what she was doing? Most likely yes .. But she, unlike Ivan Timofeevich, knew how to sacrifice herself for the sake of a loved one. And she took all the blame, all responsibility for the terrible consequences of this step. So, Olesya is a really strong, strong-willed and independent woman. The young witch is sorry that she does not have a child from her beloved, but, overcoming physical and mental pain, she herself becomes the initiator of the final separation from Ivan. In the end, Olesya is happy that she managed to deliver the joy of love to Ivan Timofeevich.
The story "Olesya" (Kuprin) is based on the autobiographical memoirs of the author of 1897, when he lived in Polesie. At that time, disappointed in his reporting career, Kuprin left Kiev. Here he was engaged in the management of an estate located in the Rivne district, carried away by the Church Slavonic language. However, Kuprin's greatest passion was hunting. Among the vast swamps and forests he spent whole days with peasant hunters.
The received impressions from meetings and conversations, local legends and "stories" gave rich food to the writer's mind and heart, prompted the specifics and form of his early stories - a description of the "local" story,
Love in the works of Kuprin
Alexander Ivanovich was always interested in the topic of love, believing that it contained the most exciting mystery of man. He believed that individuality is not expressed in colors, not in voice, not in creativity, not in gait, but in love.
“He and she in the story by Kuprin“ Olesya ”are the most important theme of the work. Love as the highest measure of a person’s personality, ennobling and elevating him above life circumstances, was revealed with great skill in this story. In it, Alexander Ivanovich poetizes the nobility of the soul, the ability to enjoy beauty and the harmony of nature.Lovely and generously described in the story, the landscapes of Polesie give a major, bright tone to the story of the fate of Ivan Timofeevich and Olesya - the main characters.
The image of Olesya
The content of Kuprin’s novel “Olesya” is based on the story of a bright feeling for a young girl’s budding writer. The heroine from the very first phrase about "hungry finches" attracts readers. She was struck by Ivan Timofeevich with original beauty. The girl was a brunette, about twenty to twenty-five years old, tall and slender. Ivan Timofeevich brought pure curiosity with her and her grandmother Manuilikha. The village treated these two women awkwardly, driving them away to live in since Manuiliha was considered a witch. The main character, accustomed to treating people with caution, did not immediately open to the writer. Her fate is determined by exclusivity, loneliness.
The narration is conducted on behalf of Ivan Timofeevich, an urban intellectual. All other heroes (unsociable peasants, Yarmol, the narrator himself, Manuilikh) are connected with the environment, are constrained by its laws and way of life, therefore they are very far from harmony. And only Olesya, brought up by nature itself, by her mighty power, managed to preserve her innate talents. The author idealizes her image, but real abilities are embodied in Olesya’s feelings, behaviors, thoughts, so the story is psychologically true. For the first time, in the character of Olesya, Alexander Ivanovich merged together selflessness and pride, the refinement of experiences and the effectiveness of actions. Her gifted soul amazes with a flight of feelings, devotion to her lover, attitude to nature, people.
Did Ivan Timofeevich Love Olesya
The heroine fell in love with the writer, a "kind, but only weak" person. Her fate was a foregone conclusion. Superstitious and suspicious Olesya believes what the cards told her. She knew in advance how the relationship between them would end. Mutual love did not work out. Ivan Timofeevich was only attracted to Olesya, which he mistook for love. This interest arose because of the originality and spontaneity of the main character. The opinion of society for a weak-willed hero meant a lot. Life outside of him, he did not think.
He and she in the story Kuprin "Olesya"
In Oles, the image of mother nature was embodied. She treats finches, hares, starlings with care and love, pities her grandmother, the thief Trofim, forgives even the brutal crowd that has beaten her. Olesya is a serious, deep, whole nature. It has a lot of immediacy and sincerity. The hero of Kuprin, under the influence of this forest girl, experiences, albeit temporarily, a special enlightened state of mind. Kuprin (the story "Olesya") analyzes the characters' characters by contrasting, based on contrast. These are very different people belonging to different sectors of society: the hero is a writer, an educated person who came to Polesie to "observe mores." Olesya is an illiterate girl who grew up in the forest. She was aware of all the shortcomings of Ivan Timofeevich and understood that their love would not be happy, but, despite this, she loved the hero with all her heart. For his sake, she went to church, which was a difficult test for the girl, because she had to overcome fear not only of the villagers, but also of God. Ivan Timofeevich, despite the fact that he loved Olesya (as it seemed to him), was at the same time afraid of his feelings. This fear in the end prevented Ivan Timofeevich from marrying her. As can be seen from a comparison of the images of the two heroes, he and she in the story by Kuprin "Olesya" are completely different people.
Dream of a beautiful man
The story "Olesya" (Kuprin) is the embodiment of the dream of a wonderful person, a healthy and free life in harmony with nature. It is no coincidence that the development of love took place against its background. The main idea of \u200b\u200bthe work: only far from the indifferent city, from civilization can you meet a person who has retained the ability to love faithfully, disinterestedly. Only in harmony with nature can we achieve nobility and moral purity.
The true meaning of love
He and she in Kuprin’s novel “Olesya” are completely different people, therefore they are not destined to be together. What is the meaning of this love, for which Olesya, knowing that their relationship is doomed, still didn’t push the hero away from the very beginning?
Alexander Ivanovich sees the true meaning of love in the desire to give his beloved the fullness of feelings. A person is imperfect, but the great power of this feeling can, at least for a while, restore to him the naturalness and severity of sensations that people like Oles managed to preserve. This heroine is able to bring harmony to such conflicting relationships as those described by Kuprin (the story "Olesya"). An analysis of this work allows us to conclude that her love is contempt for human suffering and even death. It is unfortunate that only a select few are capable of such a feeling. Love in Kuprin’s novel “Olesya” is a special gift, as rare as the main character possessed. This is something mysterious, mysterious, inexplicable.
