Maxim Gorky, also known as Aleksey Maksimovich Gorky (at birth Aleksey Maksimovich Peshkov, Maksim Gorkij, Aleksej Maksimovich Peshkov) (). Brief biography of Gorky, the most important thing Brief biography of Maxim Gorky, the most important thing
Maxim Gorky is a famous Russian writer who was able to overcome many difficulties in his life, to rise from the very bottom - his biography is replete with tragic events.
This man was justly called a genius, because it was he who created the magnificent work "At the Bottom", which touches the soul and full of urgent problems, and became the founder of a new trend in literature - socialist realism.
Russian writer A. M. Gorky
We all know Maxim Gorky as a great revolutionary writer, many recognize his portrait among others, study his biography, important facts from life: real name and surname, place of birth, title of his first work, reasons for emigration from the country.
However, few people thought about the very value of the life of this brilliant writer, few people know that literally every day Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov passed in a fierce struggle with himself, with power, with life's hardships.
Short biography of Maxim Gorky
A. M. Peshkov was born on March 28, 1868. A native of the city of Nizhny Novgorod. Alyosha chose the pseudonym for himself as a reminder of his father - Maxim Savvanteevich.
Father and mother
At the age of three, Alexei fell seriously ill with cholera. The boy's father, who loved his son dearly, courted him for a long time. He was able to cure Alyosha, but he contracted it and died soon after.
The happy family broke up. Mother, Varvara Vasilievna Peshkova, subconsciously blaming her son for the death of her husband, could not forgive her child and moved away from him. She died of a dangerous disease - consumption, when Alexei was 11 years old.
Childhood
The boy was orphaned early, and his grandfather Kashirin was forced to take up his upbringing. He, being a cruel, ruthless man, often beat his grandson, which is why Alexey Peshkov stopped experiencing physical pain in his adult life. But this did not prevent him from deeply empathizing with other people and suffering from someone else's pain.
Alyosha also had good childhood memories associated with his grandmother Akulina Ivanovna. She told him fairy tales or stories from her life, sang sonorous songs. The grandmother took care of the boy, taught him to overcome obstacles in life, to cope with difficulties.
Education
The future great writer did not have a decent education. Peshkov began to study at a parish school, but illness thwarted his plans for studying. Later he entered the school, but became famous there as a difficult teenager, a student with a difficult character.
Alexey began to steal food, pick up discarded clothes. Other students noted that he often gave off an unpleasant smell, which became the reason for bullying and ridicule. Because of this, Alyosha Peshkov dropped out of school, went on a trip around the country, learned a lot, saw how hard the life of ordinary people is. Wanderings gave Alexey a lot of experience and knowledge.
Adolescent years
When Alyosha turns 19, his grandparents died. He, being in Kazan and unsuccessfully trying to enter the university, falls into depression and attempts to commit suicide. The young man shoots himself in the chest, but the bullet misses the heart, stuck in the lung.
The doctors had to save the writer twice, because, while in the hospital, he wanted to try again to commit suicide by drinking poison.
Creative way
Maxim Gorky began his career by working in a provincial newspaper. With the great help of V. G. Korolenko, the writer was able to prove himself in the world of literature.
It was the very first work "Essays and Stories" that brought Gorky fame as a writer, which during his lifetime has not been possible for any famous Russian writer.
In his works, the writer often spoke about the revolutionary democratic movement, criticized the existing government. Due to ambiguous statements about Lenin and support for the revolutionary mood, Gorky was detained by the police more than once.
In 1892, the first story "Makar Chudra" was published under the pseudonym Maxim Gorky. The overwhelming success of the writer begins with him.
Emigration
In the next period of his work, Maxim Gorky closely cooperates with organizations of revolutionaries, which is reflected in his revolutionary novel "Mother". In 1905, under threat of arrest, the writer was forced to leave his native country and go to the United States. At the end of the year, he travels to Italy to the island of Capri.
Abroad, the writer was received with great joy, he was invited to various receptions and evenings. Mark Twain personally took care of the worthy reception of Maxim Gorky in America.
After an unsuccessful attempt to return to his homeland, Maxim Gorky went abroad in 1921 to improve his health. He travels to Germany, then returns to Capri again. Continuing to be interested in events in revolutionary Russia, the writer is skeptical about the revolution in his native country.
During this period of his life, Gorky wrote the novel The Artamonovs Case.
Homecoming
Finally, the great writer, responding to the invitation of the authorities, returned to Russia in 1928. Gorky is received with open arms, after a demonstrative five-week trip around the country he is presented with a mansion and two summer cottages.
Gorky is working on the creation of "The Life of Klim Samgin", and also becomes the editor of the newspaper "Life of Remarkable People".
The last years of life and death
Another tragedy that befell Gorky was the death of his son Maxim, which severely crippled the writer. Visiting his grave, where Gorky lay for a long time on the damp earth and could not believe in the death of his son, the writer caught a cold and fell seriously ill.
He died on June 18, 1936. There are many versions of his death, contemporaries claim that the writer could have been poisoned. The body of the great genius was cremated, and his brain was removed for further study.
Interesting facts from the biography of M. Gorky
Something to be curious to know:
- Despite the fact that Gorky was a comprehensively developed, intelligent and erudite person, at thirty he continued to write with mistakes, which were carefully corrected by his beloved wife Ekaterina Volzhina.
- The fact that Maxim Gorky was a unique person is also evidenced by his ability to drink a lot and often, but never get drunk.
- The personal life of the writer was unsuccessful: he had two wives and many mistresses.
- The writer was interested in okimono, was engaged in collecting Japanese figurines made of bone.
- During his lifetime, Maxim Gorky could have received the Nobel Prize five times, but was deprived of this award due to the great efforts of the authorities.
Famous works of Maxim Gorky
The writer has written many novels, stories and plays:
- "Makar Chudra";
- Childhood, In People, My Universities;
- "Old Isergil";
- "At the bottom";
- The Artamonovs Case;
- the novel "Mother";
- novels "The Life of an Unnecessary Person", "Okurov Town", "The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin".
Conclusion
Maxim Gorky, whose real name is Alexey Peshkov, is a cult figure of Russian culture. The years of the life of the writer: 1868-1936. He not only created many excellent works, but was the editor of many literary magazines. The name of this brilliant writer will not fade in the centuries, his stories, novels, plays will be re-read by our descendants.
Photo
Biography
The famous Russian writer Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov is familiar to everyone under his literary pseudonym “Maxim Gorky”. He has been awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature 5 times.The life story of Gorky originates from Nizhny Novgorod from Kashirin's grandfather, who was a very cruel officer, for which he was demoted. Exiled into exile, and then acquired his own dye shop. Little Alyosha was born in Nizhny Novgorod, where Kashirin's daughter went. The boy somewhere caught cholera at the age of 4, his father, caring for him, became infected and died, and little Alyosha managed to recover.
The mother gave birth to her second child and decided to return to her parents' house. On the way, the baby died. Returning to their hometown, the significantly thinned Peshkov family began to live in the Kashirin house. The boy was taught at home: the mother - to read, and the grandfather - to read and write. Old Kashirin often went to church, forced his grandson to pray, which subsequently caused an extremely negative attitude towards religion in him.
Maxim began his studies at a parish school, but illness prevented him from receiving primary education. Later, the young man studied at the school of the settlement for two years. The future writer lacked education; mistakes were encountered in his manuscripts. The mother remarried and left with her son to her husband. The relationship did not work out, the new husband often beat his wife, and Alyosha saw this. After beating his stepfather hard, he fled to his grandfather. The teenager had a difficult life, he often stole firewood and food, collected abandoned clothes, he always smelled bad. The school had to quit, which ended the education of the writer.
Gorky's biography is full of sad moments. Alyosha was soon left without a mother, who died of consumption, his grandfather went bankrupt, and the orphan had to go to work as people. Since the age of 11, Alyosha has been working in a shop as an auxiliary worker, washing dishes on a steamer, working as an apprentice in an icon painting workshop. At the age of 16, the young man could not enter the University of Kazan due to the lack of a certificate and money.
Alexey works at the pier, makes acquaintance with young revolutionary-minded people. The grandmother and grandfather died, the young man, in a fit of depression, tried to kill himself with a gun. Help arrived quickly in the face of the watchman, an operation was performed in the hospital, but the lungs were still hurt.
Writer, books
Alexei begins to be spied on for communication with the revolutionaries, he is subjected to a short-term arrest. He works as a laborer, looks after the station and works as a fisherman. At one of the stations, he fell in love, but he was refused, then he embarks on a trip to Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy in Yasnaya Polyana. But the meeting did not take place. Maxim decides to show one of his manuscripts to Korolenko, who harshly criticized the creation of the novice writer.
The life story of the writer often refers to prison dungeons, where he again and again ends up behind bars for his views, and after leaving prison, he takes a trip across Russia on passing carts, on freight trains. These trips gave birth to the idea of "Makar Chudra", which is being published under the name of Maxim Gorky. (Maxim is like a father, Gorky because of a complex biography).
But the writer felt the real glory after the story "Chelkash". Not everyone accepted the creativity of the new talent, and the authorities even placed him in one of the castles of Georgia. Aleksey Maksimovich moved to St. Petersburg after he was released, and in the northern capital he writes the famous plays "At the Bottom" and "Bourgeoisie".
Even the emperor recognized the boldness and straightforwardness of Gorky's statements. He did not even notice the negative literary attitude towards the autocratic system in Russia. Alexey Maksimovich does not pay attention to the police bans and continues to distribute revolutionary literature. Leo Tolstoy and Gorky became great friends. Many famous people, contemporaries of the owner of the house, always gathered in an apartment in the center of Nizhny Novgorod. Writers, directors, artists and musicians held conversations, talked about their works.
Gorky joined the Bolshevik Party in 1904, met the leader of the proletariat, Lenin. This acquaintance was the reason for another arrest and a cell in the Peter and Paul Fortress. The public demanded the release of the writer, after which he left the country for America. He was tormented by tuberculosis for a long time, and he is making an attempt to move to Italy.
Because of his revolutionary activities, he was disliked by the authorities. Gorky settled for seven years on the island of Capri. In 1913, Alexey Maksimovich returned to his homeland, lived in the northern capital for 5 years, then went abroad again, and only in 1933 finally moved to Russia. When he visited his sick grandchildren living in Moscow, he caught a cold and could no longer recover, he fell ill and died.
Personal life
Chronic illness of Gorky did not prevent him from being full of strength and energy. The first marriage of the writer was an informal relationship with Olga Kamenskaya, an ordinary woman midwife. Their union did not last long. For the second time, the writer decided to marry his second chosen one.Was born in Nizhny Novgorod. The son of the manager of the steamship office Maxim Savvatievich Peshkov and Varvara Vasilievna, nee Kashirina. At the age of seven, he was left an orphan and lived with his grandfather, once a wealthy dyer, who had gone bankrupt by that time.
Alexei Peshkov had to earn his living from childhood, which prompted the writer to take the pseudonym Gorky for himself in the future. In early childhood, he served as an errand in a shoe store, then as an apprentice draftsman. Unable to withstand the humiliation, he ran away from home. He worked as a cook on the Volga steamer. At the age of 15, he came to Kazan with the intention of getting an education, but, having no material support, he could not fulfill his intention.
In Kazan, I learned about life in slums and shelters. Driven to despair, he made an unsuccessful suicide attempt. From Kazan he moved to Tsaritsyn, worked as a watchman on the railway. Then he returned to Nizhny Novgorod, where he became a scribe for the attorney at law M.A. Lapin, who did a lot for the young Peshkov.
Unable to stay in one place, he went on foot to the south of Russia, where he tried himself in the Caspian fisheries, and in the construction of a pier, and other works.
In 1892 Gorky's story "Makar Chudra" was first published. The next year he returned to Nizhny Novgorod, where he met with the writer V.G. Korolenko, who took a great part in the fate of the aspiring writer.
In 1898 A.M. Gorky was already a famous writer. His books were sold in thousands of copies, and his fame spread beyond the borders of Russia. Gorky is the author of numerous short stories, novels "Foma Gordeev", "Mother", "The Artamonovs' Case" and others, plays "Enemies", "Bourgeois", "At the Bottom", "Summer Residents", "Vassa Zheleznova", an epic novel " The Life of Klim Samgin ".
Since 1901, the writer began to openly express sympathy for the revolutionary movement, which provoked a negative reaction from the government. Since that time, Gorky has been arrested and persecuted more than once. In 1906 he went abroad to Europe and America.
After the accomplishment of the October 1917 coup, Gorky initiated the creation and the first chairman of the USSR Writers' Union. He organizes the publishing house "World Literature", where many writers of that time got the opportunity to work, thereby saving themselves from hunger. The merit of saving from arrest and death of representatives of the intelligentsia belongs to him. Often during these years, Gorky was the last hope of those persecuted by the new government.
In 1921, the writer's tuberculosis worsened, and he left for treatment in Germany and the Czech Republic. From 1924 he lived in Italy. In 1928, 1931, Gorky traveled across Russia, including visiting the Solovetsky Special Purpose Camp. In 1932, Gorky was practically forced to return to Russia.
The last years of the life of the seriously ill writer were, on the one hand, full of boundless praise - even during Gorky's life, his hometown of Nizhny Novgorod was named after him - on the other hand, the writer lived in practical isolation under constant supervision.
Alexey Maksimovich was married many times. First time at Ekaterina Pavlovna Volzhina. From this marriage he had a daughter, Catherine, who died in infancy, and a son, Maxim Alekseevich Peshkov, an amateur artist. Gorky's son died unexpectedly in 1934, which gave rise to speculations about his violent death. The death of Gorky himself two years later also aroused similar suspicions.
The second time he is married in a civil marriage to the actress, revolutionary Maria Fedorovna Andreeva. In fact, the third wife in the last years of the writer's life was a woman with a stormy biography, Maria Ignatievna Budberg.
He died near Moscow in Gorki, in the same house where V.I. Lenin. The ashes are in the Kremlin wall on Red Square. The writer's brain was sent to the Moscow Brain Institute for study.
Real name - Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov (1868), prose writer, playwright, publicist.
Born in Nizhny Novgorod in the family of a cabinet-maker, after the death of his father he lived in the family of V. Kashirin's grandfather, the owner of a dyeing establishment.
At the age of eleven, becoming an orphan, he begins to work, replacing many "owners": a bellboy at a shoe store, a vessel holder on steamers, a draftsman, etc. Only reading books saved a hopeless life from despair.
In 1884 he came to Kazan to fulfill his dream - to study at the university, but very soon he realized the whole unreality of such a plan. Started to work. Later, Gorky would write: "I did not expect outside help and did not hope for a lucky break ... I realized very early that a person is created by his resistance to the environment." At the age of 16, he already knew a lot about life, but four years spent in Kazan shaped his personality, determined his path. He began to conduct propaganda work among the workers and peasants (with the populist M. Romas in the village of Krasnovidovo). Since 1888, Gorky began his wanderings around Russia with the aim of getting to know her better and getting to know the life of the people better.
Gorky walked through the Don steppes, across Ukraine, to the Danube, from there - through the Crimea and the North Caucasus - to Tiflis, where he spent a year working as a hammer, then as a clerk in railway workshops, communicating with revolutionary leaders and participating in illegal circles. At this time he wrote his first story - "Makar Chudra", published in the Tiflis newspaper, and the poem "The Girl and Death" (published in 1917).
In 1892, returning to Nizhny Novgorod, he took up literary work, publishing in the Volga newspapers. Since 1895, Gorky's stories have appeared in the capital's magazines, and in the Samarskaya Gazeta he became known as a feuilletonist, speaking under the pseudonym Yehudil Chlamida. In 1898, Gorky's Essays and Stories were published, which made him widely known in Russia. He works hard, quickly growing into a great artist, an innovator, able to lead. His romantic stories called for struggle, brought up heroic optimism ("The Old Woman Izergil", "Song of the Falcon", "Song of the Petrel").
In 1899, the novel Foma Gordeev was published, which nominated Gorky to a number of world-class writers. In the autumn of this year, he came to St. Petersburg, where he met Mikhailovsky and Veresaev, with Repin; later in Moscow - S.L. Tolstoy, L. Andreev, A. Chekhov, I. Bunin, A. Kuprin and other writers. He agrees with revolutionary circles and was sent to Arzamas for writing a proclamation calling for the overthrow of the tsarist government in connection with the dispersal of a student demonstration.
In 1901 - 1902 he wrote his first plays "Bourgeois" and "At the bottom", staged on the stage of the Moscow Art Theater. In 1904 - the plays "Summer Residents", "Children of the Sun", "Barbarians".
In the revolutionary events of 1905, Gorky took an active part, was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress for anti-Tsarist proclamations. The protest of the Russian and world community forced the government to release the writer. For helping with money and weapons during the Moscow December armed uprising, Gorky was threatened with reprisals by the official authorities, so it was decided to send him abroad. At the beginning of 1906 he arrived in America, where he stayed until the fall. Here were written pamphlets "My interviews" and essays "In America".
Upon his return to Russia, he created the play "Enemies" and the novel "Mother" (1906). In the same year, Gorky went to Italy, to Capri, where he lived until 1913, devoting all his strength to literary creativity. During these years, the plays "The Last" (1908), "Vassa Zheleznova" (1910), the stories "Summer", "Okurov Town" (1909), the novel "The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin" (1910 - 11) were written.
Using the amnesty, in 1913 the writer returned to St. Petersburg, collaborated in the Bolshevik newspapers Zvezda and Pravda. In 1915 he founded the Letopis magazine, headed the literary department of the magazine, rallying around it such writers as Shishkov, Prishvin, Trenev, Gladkoe and others.
After the February Revolution, Gorky participated in the publication of the newspaper Novaya Zhizn, which was the organ of the Social Democrats, where he published articles under the general title Untimely Thoughts. He expressed fears about the unpreparedness of the October Revolution, was afraid that "the dictatorship of the proletariat would lead to the death of politically educated Bolshevik workers ..."
Soon, Gorky began to actively participate in the construction of a new culture: he helped organize the First Workers 'and Peasants' University, the Bolshoi Drama Theater in St. Petersburg, and created the World Literature publishing house. During the civil war, famine and devastation, he showed concern for the Russian intelligentsia, and many scientists, writers and artists were saved by him from starvation.
In 1921, at the insistence of Lenin, Gorky went abroad for treatment (tuberculosis resumed). At first he lived in the resorts of Germany and Czechoslovakia, then moved to Italy in Sorrento. He continues to work a lot: he finished the trilogy - "My Universities" ("Childhood" and "In People" were published in 1913 - 16), wrote the novel "The Artamonovs Case" (1925). He began work on the book "The Life of Klim Samgin", which he continued to write until the end of his life. In 1931, Gorky returned to his homeland. In the 1930s, he again turned to drama: "Yegor Bulychev and others" (1932), "Dostigaev and others" (1933).
Summing up the acquaintance and communication with the great people of his time. Gorky created literary portraits of L. Tolstoy, A. Chekhov, V. Korolenko, the essay "V. I. Lenin" (new edition 1930). In 1934, through the efforts of M. Gorky, the 1st All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers was prepared and held. June 18, 1936 M. Gorky died in Gorki and was buried in Red Square.
(estimates: 6
, the average: 3,17
out of 5)
Name: Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov
Aliases: Maxim Gorky, Yehudiel Chlamida
Birthday: March 16, 1868
Place of Birth: Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Empire
Date of death: June 18, 1936
A place of death: Gorki, Moscow region, RSFSR, USSR
Biography of Maxim Gorky
Maxim Gorky was born in Nizhny Novgorod in 1868. In fact, the name of the writer was Alexei, but his father was Maxim, and the writer’s surname was Peshkov. My father worked as a simple carpenter, so the family could not be called wealthy. At the age of 7, he went to school, but after a couple of months he had to quit due to smallpox. As a result, the boy was educated at home, and he also studied all subjects on his own.
Gorky had a rather difficult childhood. His parents died too early and the boy lived with his grandfather 
, which had a very difficult character. Already at the age of 11, the future writer went to earn his own bread, earning money either in a bakery store, or in a canteen on a steamer.
In 1884, Gorky ended up in Kazan and tried to get an education, but this attempt failed, and he had to work hard again to earn money for his food. At the age of 19, Gorky even tries to commit suicide due to poverty and fatigue.
Here he is fond of Marxism, trying to agitate. In 1888 he was arrested for the first time. He takes a job at an iron job, where the authorities keep a close eye on him.
In 1889, Gorky returned to Nizhny Novgorod, got a job with the lawyer Lanin as a clerk. It was during this period that he wrote "The Song of the Old Oak" and turned to Korolenko to appreciate the work.
In 1891, Gorky went to travel around the country. His story "Makar Chudra" was published for the first time in Tiflis.
In 1892, Gorky again went to Nizhny Novgorod and returned to the service of the lawyer Lanin. Here he is already published in many editions of Samara and Kazan. In 1895 he moved to Samara. At this time, he actively writes and his works are constantly published. The two-volume Essays and Stories, published in 1898, is in great demand and is very actively discussed and criticized. In the period from 1900 to 1901 he met Tolstoy and Chekhov.
In 1901, Gorky created his first plays "Bourgeois" and "At the bottom". They were very popular, and "Bourgeois" was even staged in Vienna and Berlin. The writer has already become known internationally. From that moment on, his works were translated into different languages of the world, and he and his works also became the object of close attention of foreign critics.
Gorky took part in the revolution in 1905, and since 1906 he has been leaving his country due to political events. He has been living on the Italian island of Capri for a long time. Here he writes the novel "Mother". This work influenced the emergence of a new direction in literature, like socialist realism.
In 1913, Maxim Gorky was able to finally return to his homeland. During this period, he was actively working on an autobiography. He also works as an editor for two newspapers. Then he gathered around him proletarian writers and published a collection of their works.
The period of the revolution in 1917 was ambiguous for Gorky. As a result, he joins the ranks of the Bolsheviks, even despite doubts and torments. However, he does not support some of their views and actions. In particular, regarding the intelligentsia. Thanks to Gorky, most of the intelligentsia in those days escaped hunger and painful death. 
In 1921, Gorky leaves his country. There is a version that he does this because Lenin was too worried about the health of the great writer, whose tuberculosis had worsened. However, the reason could be Gorky's contradictions with the authorities. He lived in Prague, Berlin and Sorrento.
When Gorky was 60 years old, Stalin himself invited him to the USSR. A warm welcome was organized for the writer. He traveled around the country, where he spoke at meetings and rallies. He is honored in every possible way, he is taken to the Communist Academy.
In 1932, Gorky returned to the USSR for good. He is very active in literary activity, organizes the All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers, and publishes a large number of newspapers.
In 1936, terrible news spread throughout the country: Maxim Gorky left this world. The writer caught a cold when he visited his son's grave. However, there is an opinion that both the son and the father were poisoned because of political views, but this has not been proven.
Documentary
Your attention is a documentary film, biography of Maxim Gorky.
Bibliography of Maxim Gorky
Novels
1899
Foma Gordeev
1900-1901
Three
1906
Mother (second edition - 1907)
1925
The Artamonovs case
1925-1936
The life of Klim Samgin
Stories
1908
The life of an unnecessary person
1908
Confession
1909
Okurov town
The life of Matvey Kozhemyakin
1913-1914
Childhood
1915-1916
In people
1923
My Universities
Stories, essays
1892
Girl and death
1892
Makar Chudra
1895
Chelkash
Old Isergil
1897
Former people
The Orlovs
Mallow
Konovalov
1898
Essays and stories (collection)
1899
Song of the Falcon (prose poem)
Twenty six and one
1901
Song of the Petrel (prose poem)
1903
Man (prose poem)
1913
Tales of Italy
1912-1917
Across Russia (cycle of stories)
1924
Stories from 1922-1924
1924
Diary notes (cycle of stories)
Plays
1901
Bourgeoisie
1902
At the bottom
1904
Summer residents
1905
Children of the Sun
Barbarians
1906
Enemies
1910
Vassa Zheleznova (revised in December 1935)
1915
Old man
1930-1931
Somov and others
1932
Egor Bulychov and others
1933
Dostigaev and others
Journalism
1906
My interviews
In America "(pamphlets)
1917-1918
a series of articles "Untimely Thoughts" in the newspaper "New Life"
1922
About the Russian peasantry
