• Decorating an office and home office according to Feng Shui Office Feng Shui
• Thai meat: step-by-step recipe with photos
• How to fry turkey in a frying pan at home
• Cooking the famous carbonara pasta with parmesan in a slow cooker Carbonara in a slow cooker recipe
• Potatoes with sausages in the oven
• French-style meat with potatoes and mushrooms in the oven French-style meat with potatoes and champignons
• “Birch” salad, step-by-step recipe with photos
• Dietary cottage cheese casserole without flour Recipe for dietary cottage cheese and banana casserole
• How to cook beef heart
• Recipe for casserole with broccoli or cauliflower and chicken in the oven

The ruin of northeastern Rus' (1237-38).

Reasons for the conquest of Rus'.

a) Political.

The Russian princes could not help but know about the impending attack of the Tatar-Mongols. They received information from Russian and Bulgar merchants. And the situation with the conquest of the southeastern neighbors gave rise to certain thoughts. But contrary to this, after the battle on the river. In Kalka, strife between the princes did not stop. Consequently, there was no single army under a single command to repel the onslaught of a powerful enemy, and the unified defense system of the southern steppe borders was violated.

b) Subjective.

Many princes hoped for strong wooden fortresses, not taking into account the complex siege technology available to the Tatar-Mongols. In 1203, an earthquake occurred throughout Rus', the epicenter of which was in the southern region of the state. In the early 30s, the “great” drought began: “the swamps were inflamed, thick clouds of smoke covered the sun, the air was saturated with smoke,” writes the chronicle. In 1230, a terrible famine and pestilence broke out in Rus'.

Trip to Ryazan.

a) The ultimatum of the Tatar-Mongols and the response of the Ryazan people.

Batu's main forces concentrated on the Don, near Voronezh. At the beginning of the winter of 1237, Batu moved his hordes to Rus'. The first on their way was the RYAZAN PRINCIPALITY. For the Ryazan princes this was a complete surprise. They were accustomed to raids on Rus' by the Polovtsians and other nomadic tribes in the summer-autumn period.

Khan Batu, who invaded the principality, presented an ultimatum, where he demanded “tithes in everything: in princes, in horses, in people.” The prince, in order to gain time, sent his son Fyodor to Khan Batu with rich gifts, and in the meantime he himself began to quickly prepare for battle. He sent messengers to Prince Vladimir / Yuri Vsevolodovich / and to Chernigov for help. But both of them refused the Ryazan prince. But despite this, the people of Ryazan decided to stand for their land to the death. And to the ultimatum of the Tatar-Mongols they replied: “If we are all gone, then everything will be yours!”

b) The battle in the aisles of the Ryazan principality.

Together with the prince of Ryazan, several more “helpful” princes - the Pronsky, Murom and Kolomna principalities - moved to meet the Tatar-Mongols. But their squads did not have time to reach the fortified lines on the steppe border. Khan Batu interrupted Fedor's embassy and moved his cavalry to Ryazan land. Somewhere “near the borders of Ryazan” the battle described in “The Tale of the Ruin of Ryazan” took place.

During the battle, many “local princes, strong commanders and daring troops” died. Ryazan was not built on its old site.

c) Preparation for defense.

With a few soldiers, Prince Yuri Igorevich broke through the ring of enemies and went to Ryazan to organize the defense of his capital. Having been defeated in battle, the Ryazan residents hoped to sit out behind strong city walls. Ryazan stood on the high right bank of the river. Oka, below the mouth of the river. Prony. The city was well fortified: on three sides it was surrounded by ditches and powerful ramparts up to 10 meters high, on the fourth side to the river. The Oka River had a steep bank; wooden walls with numerous towers stood on the ramparts. The population from the surrounding villages and hamlets came running under the walls of the city, and boyar detachments came from distant estates. The entire city population took up arms.

d) Siege and fall of the city.

The siege of Ryazan began on December 16, 1237. The Tatar-Mongols surrounded the city so that no one could leave it. The city walls were shelled 24 hours a day using poroki (stone-throwing machines). Day and night there were attacks on the city. The well-aimed Mongol archers fired continuously. The killed Tatar-Mongols were replaced by new ones, but the city never received reinforcements. On December 21, the Tatar-Mongols began a decisive assault on Ryazan. They managed to break through the city’s defenses in several directions at once. Heavy fighting broke out in the streets. As a result, all the warriors and most of the inhabitants were brutally destroyed.

• e) The legend of Evpatiy Kolovrat.
• The Tatar-Mongols rested for 10 days after a difficult battle for the city. They also plundered and burned all the surrounding villages. And when Batu moved further, he was attacked from the rear by an unknown army led by EUPATIY KOLOVRAT. He gathered about 1,700 people who survived outside the city and chased the Tatar-Mongols. In Suzdal land they suddenly attacked Batu. The Tatar-Mongols were so confused that they mistook them for those risen from the dead. But the 5 soldiers who were captured replied: “We are the war of Grand Duke Yuri Ingorevich of Ryazan, in the regiment of Evpatiy Kolovrat. We have been sent to honor you and honor you honestly.” Batu decided to send his brother-in-law KHOZTOVRUL with regiments to beat Kolovrat. But Khoztovrul lost, and then Batu sent many of his troops to Evpatiy. In the battle, Kolovrat died, and his head was given to Batu. The Khan was surprised at the courage of the Russian soldiers and ordered the release of the captured part of the squad.

“In 1224, an unknown people appeared; an unheard of army came, the godless Tatars, about whom no one knows well who they are and where they came from, and what kind of language they have, and what tribe they are, and what kind of faith they have... The Polovtsy are not could resist them and ran to the Dnieper. Their khan Kotyan was the father-in-law of Mstislav of Galicia; he came with a bow to the prince, his son-in-law, and to all the Russian princes... and said: The Tatars took our land today, and tomorrow they will take yours, so protect us; if you do not help us, we will be cut off today, and you will be cut off tomorrow.” “The princes thought and thought and finally decided to help Kotyan.” The hike began in April when the rivers were in full flood. The troops were heading down the Dnieper. The command was exercised by the Kyiv prince Mstislav Romanovich and Mstislav the Udaly. The Polovtsians informed the Russian princes about the treachery of the Tatars. On the 17th day of the campaign, the army stopped near Olshen, somewhere on the banks of the Ros. There he was found by the second Tatar embassy. Unlike the first time, when the ambassadors were killed, these were released. Immediately after crossing the Dnieper, Russian troops encountered the enemy’s vanguard, chased it for 8 days, and on the eighth they reached the bank of the Kalka. Here Mstislav the Udaloy and some princes immediately crossed the Kalka, leaving Mstislav of Kyiv on the other bank.

According to the Laurentian Chronicle, the battle took place on May 31, 1223. The troops that crossed the river were almost completely destroyed, while the camp of Mstislav of Kyiv, set up on the other bank and strongly fortified, the troops of Jebe and Subedei stormed for 3 days and were able to take it only by cunning and deceit.

The Battle of Kalka was lost not so much because of disagreements between the rival princes, but because of historical factors. Firstly, Jebe’s army was tactically and positionally completely superior to the united regiments of the Russian princes, who had in their ranks mostly princely squads, reinforced in this case by the Polovtsians. This entire army did not have sufficient unity, was not trained in combat tactics, based more on the personal courage of each warrior. Secondly, such a united army also needed a sole commander, recognized not only by the leaders, but also by the warriors themselves, and who would exercise unified command. Thirdly, the Russian troops, having made mistakes in assessing the enemy’s forces, were also unable to correctly choose the battle site, the terrain of which was completely favorable to the Tatars. However, in fairness it must be said that at that time, not only in Rus', but also in Europe, there would not have been an army capable of competing with the formations of Genghis Khan.

The Military Council of 1235 declared an all-Mongol campaign to the west. Batu, the grandson of Genghis Khan, son of Jugha, was chosen as leader. All winter, the Mongols gathered in the upper reaches of the Irtysh, preparing for a big campaign. In the spring of 1236, countless horsemen, countless herds, endless carts with military equipment and siege weapons moved west. In the autumn of 1236, their army attacked Volga Bulgaria, possessing a huge superiority of forces, they broke through the Bulgar defense line, cities were taken one after another. Bulgaria was terribly destroyed and burned. The Polovtsians took the second blow, most of whom were killed, the rest fled to Russian lands. The Mongol troops moved in two large arcs, using "round-up" tactics.

One arc is Batu (Mordovians along the way), the other arc is Guisk Khan (Polovtsians), the ends of both arcs abutted in Rus'.

The first city that stood in the way of the conquerors was Ryazan. The Battle of Ryazan began on December 16, 1237. The population of the city was 25 thousand people. Ryazan was protected on three sides by well-fortified walls, and on the fourth by a river (bank). But after five days of siege, the walls of the city, destroyed by powerful siege weapons, could not stand it and on December 21, Ryazan fell. An army of nomads stood near Ryazan for ten days - they plundered the city, divided the spoils, and plundered neighboring villages. Next, Batu’s army moved to Kolomna. On the way, they were unexpectedly attacked by a detachment led by Evpatiy Kolovrat, a Ryazan resident. His detachment numbered about 1,700 people. Despite the numerical superiority of the Mongols, he boldly attacked the hordes of enemies and fell in battle, causing enormous damage to the enemy. The Grand Duke of Vladimir Yuri Vsevolodovich, who did not respond to the call of the Ryazan prince to jointly oppose Khan Batu, himself found himself in danger. But he made good use of the time that passed between the attacks on Ryazan and Vladimir (about a month). He managed to concentrate quite a significant army on Batu’s proposed path. The place where the Vladimir regiments gathered to repel the Mongol-Tatars was the city of Kolomna. In terms of the number of troops and the tenacity of the battle, the battle near Kolomna can be considered one of the most significant events of the invasion. But they were defeated due to the numerical superiority of the Mongol-Tatars. Having defeated the army and destroyed the city, Batu set off along the Moscow River towards Moscow. Moscow held back the attacks of the conquerors for five days. The city was burned and almost all the inhabitants were killed. After this, the nomads headed to Vladimir. On the way from Ryazan to Vladimir, the conquerors had to storm every city, repeatedly fight with Russian warriors in the “open field”; defend against surprise attacks from ambushes. The heroic resistance of the ordinary Russian people held back the conquerors. On February 4, 1238, the siege of Vladimir began. Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich left part of the troops to defend the city, and on the other hand went north to gather an army. The defense of the city was led by his sons Vsevolod and Mstislav. But before this, the conquerors took Suzdal (30 km from Vladimir) by storm, and without any particular difficulties. Vladimir fell after a difficult battle, causing enormous damage to the conqueror. The last inhabitants were burned in the Stone Cathedral. Vladimir was the last city of North-Eastern Rus', which was besieged by the united forces of Batu Khan. The Mongol-Tatars had to make a decision so that three tasks would be completed at once: to cut off Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich from Novgorod, defeat the remnants of the Vladimir forces and pass along all river and trade routes, destroying cities - centers of resistance. Batu's troops were divided into three parts: to the north to Rostov and further to the Volga, to the east - to the middle Volga, to the northwest to Tver and Torzhok. Rostov surrendered without a fight, as did Uglich. As a result of the February campaigns of 1238, the Mongol-Tatars destroyed Russian cities in the territory from the Middle Volga to Tver, a total of fourteen cities.

The defense of Kozelsk lasted seven weeks. Even when the Tatars broke into the city, the Kozelites continued to fight. They attacked the invaders with knives, axes, clubs, and strangled them with their bare hands. Batu lost about 4 thousand soldiers. The Tatars called Kozelsk an evil city. By order of Batu, all the inhabitants of the city, down to the last baby, were destroyed, and the city was destroyed to the ground.

Batu withdrew his badly battered and thinned army beyond the Volga. In 1239 he resumed his campaign against Rus'. One detachment of Tatars went up the Volga and devastated the Mordovian land, the cities of Murom and Gorokhovets. Batu himself with the main forces headed towards the Dnieper. Bloody battles between Russians and Tatars took place everywhere. After heavy fighting, the Tatars ravaged Pereyaslavl, Chernigov and other cities. In the autumn of 1240, the Tatar hordes approached Kyiv. Batu was amazed by the beauty and grandeur of the ancient Russian capital. He wanted to take Kyiv without a fight. But the people of Kiev decided to fight to the death. Prince Mikhail of Kyiv left for Hungary. The defense of Kyiv was led by Voivode Dmitry. All residents rose to defend their hometown. Craftsmen forged weapons, sharpened axes and knives. Everyone capable of wielding weapons stood on the city walls. Children and women brought them arrows, stones, ash, sand, boiled water, and cooked resin.

The battering machines were banging around the clock. The Tatars broke through the gates, but ran into a stone wall, which the Kievans built in one night. Finally, the enemy managed to destroy the fortress walls and break into the city. The battle continued on the streets of Kyiv for a long time. For several days the invaders destroyed and plundered houses and exterminated the remaining inhabitants. The wounded governor Dmitry was brought to Batu. But the bloody khan spared the leader of the defense of Kyiv for his bravery.

Having devastated Kyiv, the Tatars went to the Galicia-Volyn land. There they destroyed many cities and villages, littering the entire land with corpses. Then Tatar troops invaded Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic. Weakened by numerous battles with the Russians, the Tatars did not dare to advance to the West. Batu understood that Rus' remained defeated, but not conquered, in the rear. Fearing her, he abandoned further conquests. The Russian people bore the brunt of the fight against the Tatar hordes and thereby saved Western Europe from a terrible, devastating invasion.

In 1241, Batu returned to Rus'. In 1242, Batu Khan in the lower reaches of the Volga, where he established his new capital - Sarai-batu. The Horde yoke was established in Rus' by the end of the 13th century, after the creation of the state of Batu Khan - the Golden Horde, which stretched from the Danube to the Irtysh. The Mongol-Tatar invasion caused great damage to the Russian state. Enormous damage was caused to the economic, political and cultural development of Rus'. The old agricultural centers and once-developed territories became desolate and fell into decay. Russian cities were subjected to massive destruction. Many crafts have become simpler and sometimes disappeared. Tens of thousands of people were killed or taken into slavery. The ongoing struggle waged by the Russian people against the invaders forced the Mongol-Tatars to abandon the creation of their own administrative bodies of power in Rus'. Rus' retained its statehood. This was also facilitated by the lower level of cultural and historical development of the Tatars. In addition, Russian lands were unsuitable for raising nomadic cattle. The main purpose of enslavement was to obtain tribute from the conquered people. The size of the tribute was very large. The size of the tribute alone in favor of the khan was 1300 kg of silver per year.

In addition, deductions from trade duties and various taxes went to the khan's treasury. In total there were 14 types of tribute in favor of the Tatars. The Russian principalities made attempts not to obey the horde. However, the forces to overthrow the Tatar-Mongol yoke were still not enough. Realizing this, the most far-sighted Russian princes - Alexander Nevsky and Daniil Galitsky - took a more flexible policy towards the Horde and the khan. Realizing that an economically weak state would never be able to resist the Horde, Alexander Nevsky set a course for restoring and boosting the economy of the Russian lands.

Option 1

1. In what century, according to the chronicle legend, were the Varangians called to rule in Novgorod?

1) VII century

2) VIII century.

3) 9th century

4) X century

2. In what century was Yaroslav's Truth compiled?

1) VIII century

2) 9th century

3) X century

4) XI century.

3. Which of the following events occurred in the 13th century?

1) the devastation of North-Eastern Rus' by Batu Khan

2) burning of Moscow by Khan Tokhtamysh

3) Prince Igor’s campaign against Constantinople

4) Battle of Kulikovo

4. Which event happened before the others?

1) battle on the river. City

2) battle on the river. Kalke

3) Battle on the ice

4) Battle of the Neva

5. To what century does the activity of the Chosen Rada date back?

1) XIV century.

2) XV century.

3) XVI century.

4) XVII century.

6. The reign of Ivan Kalita refers to

1) X century

2) XII century.

3) XIV century.

4) XVI century

7. Which of the following dates relate to the Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus'?

1) 882-980

2) 980-1025

3) 1113-1125

4) 1237-1240

8. On which river was the victory over the Swedish army won in the first half of the 13th century?

1) Kalka

2) Neva

3) Don

4) Ugra

9. What event happened during Batu's invasion of Rus'?

1) battle on the river. Sheloni

2) Battle of Kulikovo

3) battle on the river. Kalke

4) defense of Kozelsk

10. The first set of laws of the Old Russian state, Russian Truth, is associated with the name

1) Vladimir Monomakh

2) Yaroslav the Wise

3) Vladimir Svyatoslavich

4) Svyatoslav Igorevich

11. What was the name of the estate-representative institution in Russia that appeared during the period of reforms of the Elected Rada?

1) Zemsky Sobor

2) Stacked commission

3) Secret committee

4) Boyar Duma

12. The policies of Ivan Kalita include

1) publication of a new set of laws

2) strengthening the alliance with Lithuania to confront the Horde

4) termination of payment of tribute to the Horde

13. Which of the following was a consequence of the “standing” on the Ugra River in 1480?

1) the beginning of the rise of Moscow as the center of Russian lands

2) annexation of the Kazan Khanate to Russia

3) liberation of Rus' from Horde dependence

4) liquidation of the Livonian Order

14. What was one of the consequences of Batu’s invasion of Rus'?

1) the beginning of the political fragmentation of Rus'

2) the need to pay tribute to the Mongols

3) the spread of paganism by the Mongols in Rus'

4) transfer of the capital of North-Eastern Rus' from Suzdal to Vladimir

15. Read an excerpt from the historian’s work and indicate the prince in question.

“We can probably say that in terms of the scale of his personality he was inferior to both his father Vladimir Monomakh and his son Andrei Bogolyubsky. Perhaps his biography is less interesting, more monotonous, boring,

one-dimensional: military campaigns and preparation for them constitute its primary content, and almost everything comes down to the fight for Kyiv. But the scale of a personality does not always directly determine the significance of a particular figure or his place in history.”

1) Yuri Dolgoruky

2) Dmitry Donskoy

3) Ivan III

4) Yaroslav the Wise

16. Read an excerpt from the historian’s essay and indicate under what name the government in question went down in history.

“One can even say about the beginning of Ivan’s reign that it was an autocratic monarchy “with a human face” thanks to the reforms of the government led by Adashev and Sylvester. During its ten years in power, this government carried out as many reforms as no other decade in the history of medieval Russia had seen. True, the prerequisites for reform activity took shape even before Adashev and Sylvester entered the historical stage.”

1) “Council of all the earth”

2) Elected Rada

3) Zemsky Sobor

4) Order of secret affairs

17. Establish a correspondence between the princes and the events that occurred during their reign: for each element of the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column.

PRINCE

EVENTS

A) Oleg the Prophet

B) Vladimir Svyatoslavich

B) Yaroslav the Wise

1) Russia's adoption of Christianity

2) defeat of the Khazar Kaganate

3) compilation of Russian Pravda

4) unification of Kyiv and Novgorod

18. Write down the name missing from the diagram.

19.

“Distribution of posts in the Russian state in the XIV–XVII centuries. between individuals depending on the nobility of the family and birth.”

Option 2

1. In what year, according to the chronicle legend, were the Varangians invited to reign in Novgorod?

1) 862

2) 907

3) 1097

4) 1113

2. In what year did the baptism of Rus' take place?

1) 882

2) 988

3) 1097

4) 1147

3. Which of the following events dates back to the 13th century?

1) the first chronicle mention of Moscow

2) burning of Ryazan by Batu Khan

3) the defeat of the Khazar Kaganate by Prince Svyatoslav

4) calling Vladimir Monomakh to reign in Kyiv

4. Which of the following events occurred later than the others?

1) the calling of the Varangian princes by the Novgorodians

3) defeat of the Khazar Kaganate by the army of Prince Svyatoslav

4) the first chronicle mention of Moscow

5. Indicate the period to which the reign of Ivan Kalita refers.

1) first half of the 14th century.

2) second half of the 14th century.

3) first half of the 15th century.

4) second half of the 15th century.

6. In what century did the Mongol invasion of Rus' take place?

1) XI century.

2) XII century.

3) XIII century.

4) XIV century.

7. In what year did the crowning of a Russian sovereign take place for the first time?

1) 1547

2) 1598

3) 1606

4) 1613

8. Which of the following was a consequence of the military victories of Prince Alexander Nevsky?

1) strengthening of the Moscow Principality

2) collapse of the Teutonic Order

3) deterioration of relations with Poland

4) preventing the seizure of Russian lands by the crusaders

9. Which city was not taken by the Mongols during Batu’s invasion?

1) Novgorod

2) Kyiv

3) Kozelsk

4) Ryazan

10. What was the name of the collection of tribute by the prince in Rus' in the 10th century?

1) tithe

2) polyudye

3) vira

4) rope

11. The restriction on the transfer of peasants from one landowner to another on St. George’s Day was first enshrined

1) Charter of Vladimir Monomakh

2) Code of Law of Ivan III

3) Code of Law of Ivan IV

4) a charter granted to the nobility

12. Which of the following was undertaken during the reign of Ivan IV?

1) establishment of the patriarchate in Russia

2) cancellation of school years

3) adoption of the Council Code

4) convening of the first Zemsky Sobor

13. Which of the following was one of the reasons for the rise of Moscow in the 14th century?

1) lack of an alternative to Moscow as a center of unification

2) absence of destruction in Moscow during Batu’s invasion

3) the policy of the Moscow princes

4) strengthening of the Golden Horde

14. What was one of the consequences of the annexation of Novgorod to the Moscow Principality?

1) transfer of power to an elected official - mayor

2) termination of the activities of the Novgorod veche

3) granting Novgorodians the right to call a prince

4) transfer of the department of the Russian metropolitan to Moscow

15. Read an excerpt from “The Tale of Bygone Years” and indicate the century to which the events described in the chronicle relate.

“And they went overseas to the Varangians, to Rus'. Those Varangians were called Rus, just as others are called Swedes, and others are called Normans and Angles, and still others are called Gotlanders, and so are these. The Chud, the Slovenians, the Krivichi and everyone said to the Russians: “Our land is great and abundant, but there is no order in it. Come reign and rule over us.” And three brothers were chosen with their clans, and they took all of Rus' with them, and they came and the eldest, Rurik, sat in Novgorod, and the other, Sineus, in Beloozero, and the third, Truvor, in Izborsk.”

1) VIII century

2) 9th century

3) X century

4) XI century.

16. Read an excerpt from the document and indicate the prince in question.

“He also founded the Church of St. Sophia... then the church on the Golden Gate... And with him the Christian faith began to expand... His father, Vladimir, enlightened the earth... with baptism, [the son] sowed the hearts of faithful people with bookish words, and we reap by accepting bookish teachings . ...Even during his lifetime, he gave instructions to his sons: “And if you live in love with each other, God will be in you and will subdue your enemies...” And so he divided the cities between them...”

1) Andrey Bogolyubsky

2) Yaroslav the Wise

3) Vladimir Monomakh

4) Dmitry Donskoy

17. Establish a correspondence between the rulers of the Moscow State (Russia) and the names of the cities that were annexed during their reign: for each element of the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column.

RULERS

CITY NAMES

A) Ivan III

B) Vasily III

B) Daniil Alexandrovich

1) Kolomna and Pereyaslavl-Zalessky

2) Novgorod and Tver

3) Pskov and Smolensk

4) Kyiv and Pereyaslavl-Kyiv

Write down the selected numbers under the corresponding letters in the answer line.

18. .

19. Write down the term in question.

The system of maintaining officials (governors, volostels, etc.) at the expense of the local population, eliminated by the reform of 1555-1556.

Option 3

1. To what century does the formation of the Old Russian state with its center in Kyiv date back?

1) VIII century

2) 9th century

3) X century

4) XI century.

2. To what century does the creation of the Russian Pravda code of laws begin?

1) IX century

2) X century.

3) XI century.

4) XII century.

3. Which of the following events dates back to the 11th century?

1) baptism of Rus'

2) congress of princes in Lyubech

3) publication of the first printed book in Russia

4) uprising of the Drevlyans

4. Which of the following events happened first?

1) Battle on the ice

2) battle on the river. Kalke

3) Battle of Grunwald

4) standing on the river. Eel

5. To what century does the completion of the unification of Russian lands around Moscow date back to?

1) XIV century.

2) XV century.

3) XVI century.

4) XVII century.

6. In what year did the congress of princes take place in Lyubech?

1) 882

2) 988

3) 1097

4) 1185

7. Which of the listed dates relate to the Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus'?

1) 882-980

2) 980-1025

3) 1113-1125

4) 1237-1240

8. In the Battle of the Ice, troops led by Alexander Nevsky confronted the troops

1) Lithuania

2) Livonian Order

3) Sweden

4) Golden Horde

9. Due to the long resistance to the Mongol-Tatars, they called it an “evil city”.

1) Smolensk

2) Vladimir

2) Stoglavy Cathedral

3) Council of the whole earth

4) Pereyaslav Rada

12. K Which of the following events occurred during the reign of Ivan III?

1) convening of the first Zemsky Sobor

2) the annexation of Novgorod to the Moscow Principality

3) transfer of the Metropolitan’s residence to Moscow

4) church reform of Patriarch Nikon

13. Which of the above allowed Moscow to become the center of the unification of Russian lands?

1) approval of the republican form of government

2) the policy pursued by the Moscow princes in relation to the Golden Horde and their main rivals

3) the alliance of the Moscow princes with the states of Western Europe in the fight against Mongol rule

4) absence of destruction in Moscow during Batu’s invasion

14. What was the consequence of the Drevlyan uprising in 945?

1) streamlining the collection of tribute by Princess Olga

2) Russia's adoption of Christianity

3) inclusion in Russian Truth of articles that limited blood feud

4) the beginning of the fragmentation of the Old Russian state

15. Read an excerpt from the source and indicate the century when the events described took place.

“And the Germans came to Lake Peipus, and Alexander met them and prepared for battle, and they went against each other, and Lake Peipus was covered with many of these and other warriors. Alexander's father, Yaroslav, sent his younger brother Andrei with a large squad to help him. And Prince Alexander had many brave warriors. So Alexander’s men were filled with the spirit of war, because their hearts were like the hearts of lions, and they exclaimed: “O our glorious prince! Now the time has come for us to lay down our heads for you.” It was then Saturday, and when the sun rose, the opponents met. And there was a cruel slaughter, and there was a crash from breaking spears and a ringing from the blows of swords, and it seemed that a frozen lake was moving, and no ice was visible, for it was covered with blood.”

1) XII century.

2) XIII century.

3) XIV century.

4) XV century.

16. Read an excerpt from a historical story and indicate the century when the events described took place.

“The Grand Duke came to the Don River two days before the Nativity of the Virgin Mary... They came to the Don, stood here and thought a lot. Some said: “Go, prince, beyond the Don,” and others said: “Do not go, since our enemies have multiplied, not only the Tatars, and Lithuania, and Ryazanians”... The great prince gathered his great regiments, and all his Russian princes gathered their regiments prepared, and its great commanders dressed themselves in local clothes. And the gates of death dissolved, great fear and horror gripped the people gathered from afar, from the east and west. They went beyond the Don, to the far ends of the earth, and soon crossed the Don in anger and rage, and so swiftly that the foundation of the earth shook with great force. The prince, who crossed the Don into a clear field, into the Mamaev land, at the mouth of the Nepryadva, was led by the Lord God alone, and God did not turn away from him.”

1) XII century.

2) XIII century.

3) XIV century.

4) XV century.

17. Establish a correspondence between the names of the Mongol commanders and the events in which they took part: for each element of the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column.

MONGOL COMMANDERS

EVENTS

A) Batu

B) Mamai

B) Akhmat

1) Battle of Kulikovo

2) battle on the Kalka River

3) siege of Kozelsk

4) standing on the Ugra River

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

A

B

IN

18. Write down the word missing in the diagram .

19. Write down the term in question.

"Khan's letter confirming the rights of Russian princes to rule during the period of Horde rule."

The Tatar-Mongol invasion of Rus' began in 1237, when Batu’s cavalry invaded the territory of the Ryazan lands. As a result of this attack, Rus' found itself under the yoke of two centuries. This interpretation is set out in most history textbooks, but in reality the relationship between Russia and the Horde was much more complicated. In the article, the yoke of the Golden Horde will be considered not only in the usual interpretation, but also taking into account its controversial issues.

In contact with

Classmates

Beginning of the Mongol-Tatar invasion

For the first time, the squads of Rus' and the Mongol hordes began to fight at the end of May 1223 on the Kalka River. The Russian army was led by the Prince of Kiev Mstislav, and the Horde was commanded by Jebe-noyon and Subedei-bagatur. Mstislav's army was not only defeated, but practically completely destroyed.

In 1236, the Tatars began another invasion of the Polovtsians. In this campaign they won many victories and by the end of 1237 they came close to the lands of the Ryazan principality.

Mongol conquest of Rus', which took place from 1237 to 1242, is divided into two stages:

1. 1237 – 1238 – invasion of the northern and eastern territories of Rus'.
2. 1239 – 1242 – campaign in the southern territories, which led to further yoke.

Chronology of events up to 1238

The Horde cavalry was commanded by Khan Batu (Batu Khan), the grandson of the famous Genghis Khan, who had about 150 thousand soldiers under his command. Together with Batu, Subedei-Baghatur, who fought with the Russians earlier, took part in the invasion. The invasion began in the winter of 1237, its exact date is unknown. Some historians claim that the attack occurred in late autumn of the same year. Batu's cavalry moved at high speed across the territory of Rus' and conquered cities one after another.

The chronology of Batu’s campaign against Rus' is as follows:

• Ryazan was defeated in December 1237 after a six-day siege.
• Before the conquest of Moscow, Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich of Vladimir tried to stop the Horde near Kolomna, but was defeated.
• Moscow was conquered in January 1238, the siege lasted four days.
• Vladimir. After an eight-day siege, it was conquered in February 1238.

Capture of Ryazan - 1237

At the end of autumn 1237, an army of about 150 thousand under the leadership of Batu Khan invaded the territory of the Ryazan principality. Arriving at Prince Yuri Igorevich, the ambassadors demanded tribute from him - a tenth of what he owned. They were refused, and the Ryazan residents began to prepare for defense. Yuri turned to Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich of Vladimir for support, but received no help.

At the same time, Batu defeated the vanguard of the Ryazan squad and in mid-December 1237 besieged the capital of the principality. The first attacks were repulsed, but after the invaders used battering rams, the fortress, which held out for 9 days, was defeated. The Horde invaded the city, carrying out a massacre.

Despite the fact that the prince and almost all the inhabitants of the fortress were killed, the resistance of the Ryazan residents did not stop. Boyar Evpatiy Kolovrat gathered an army of about 1,700 people and set off in pursuit of Batu’s army. Having caught up with her, Kolovrat’s warriors defeated the rearguard of the nomads, but later they themselves fell in an unequal battle.

Battle of Kolomna, capture of Moscow and Vladimir - 1238

After the fall of Ryazan, the Tatars attacked Kolomna, a city that at that time was an important strategic center. Here was the vanguard of the troops of Prince Vladimir, commanded by Vsevolod. Having entered into an unequal battle with Batu’s troops, the Russians suffered a crushing defeat. Most of them died, and Vsevolod Yuryevich with the surviving squad retreated to Vladimir.

Batu reached Moscow in the third decade of 1237. At this time, there was no one to defend Moscow, since the base of the Russian army was destroyed near Kolomna. At the beginning of 1238, the Horde burst into the city, completely destroyed it and killed everyone, young and old. Prince Vladimir was taken prisoner. After the defeat of Moscow, the invading troops set off on a campaign against Vladimir.

At the beginning of February 1238, an army of nomads approached the walls of Vladimir. The Horde attacked him from three sides. Having destroyed the walls using battering devices, they burst into the city. Most of the residents were killed, including Prince Vsevolod. And the eminent townspeople were locked in the Church of the Virgin Mary and burned . Vladimir was plundered and destroyed.

How did the first invasion end?

After the conquest of Vladimir, almost the entire territory of the northern and eastern lands came under the power of Batu Khan. He took cities one after another: Dmitrov, Suzdal, Tver, Pereslavl, Yuryev. In March 1238, Torzhok was taken, which opened the way for the Tatar-Mongols to Novgorod. But Batu Khan decided not to go there, but sent his army to storm Kozelsk.

The siege of the city lasted seven weeks and ended only when Batu offered to surrender to the defenders of Kozelsk in exchange for saving their lives. They accepted the conditions of the Tatar-Mongols and surrendered. Khan Batu did not fulfill his word and gave the order to kill everyone, which was done. Thus ended the first invasion of the Tatar-Mongols on the lands of Rus'.

Invasion of 1239 - 1242

A year and a half later, in 1239, a new campaign of troops under the command of Batu against Rus' began. This year the main events take place in Chernigov and Pereyaslav. Batu did not advance as quickly as in 1237, due to the fact that he was actively fighting against the Polovtsians in the Crimean lands.

In the fall of 1240, Batu leads the army directly to Kyiv. The ancient capital of Rus' was unable to hold out resistance for long, and in early December 1240 the city fell under the onslaught of the Horde. There was nothing left of him; Kyiv was actually “wiped off the face of the earth.” Historians speak of particularly brutal atrocities committed by the invaders. The Kyiv that has survived to this day, has absolutely nothing in common with the city destroyed by the Horde.

After the destruction of Kyiv, the Tatar troops were divided into two armies, one headed for Galich, and the other for Vladimir-Volynsky. After capturing these cities, the Tatar-Mongols set off on a European campaign.

Consequences of the invasion of Rus'

All historians give an unambiguous description of the consequences of the Tatar-Mongol invasion:

• The country was divided and was completely dependent on the Golden Horde.
• Rus' paid tribute to the Khanate every year (in people, silver, gold and furs).
• The state stopped its development due to the difficult situation.

The list can be continued further, but the general picture of what is happening is already clear.

In short, this is exactly how the period of the Horde yoke in Rus' is presented in the official historical interpretation found in textbooks. Next, we will consider the arguments given by L.N. Gumilyov, a historian-ethnologist and orientalist. A number of important issues will also be touched upon, giving an understanding of how much more complex the relationship between Russia and the Horde was than is commonly believed.

How did nomads conquer half the world?

Scientists often raise the question of, how a nomadic people, who just a few decades ago lived in a tribal system, were able to create a huge empire and conquer almost half the world. What goals did the Horde pursue in its campaign against Rus'? Historians claim that the purpose of the invasion was to plunder the lands and subjugate Rus', and they also say that the Tatar-Mongols achieved this.

But in reality this is not entirely true, because in Rus' there were three very rich cities:

• Kyiv is one of the largest European cities, the capital of ancient Rus', captured and destroyed by the Horde.
• Novgorod is the largest trading city and, at that time, the richest. It did not suffer at all from the invasion of the Tatar-Mongols.
• Smolensk, like Novgorod, was a trading city, and in terms of wealth it was comparable to Kiev. He also did not suffer from the Horde.

It turns out that two of the three largest cities of ancient Rus' did not suffer in any way from the Golden Horde.

Explanations of historians

If we consider the historians' version - to destroy and plunder as the main goal of the Horde's campaign against Rus', then there is no logical explanation. Batu captures Torzhok, the siege of which takes two weeks. This is a poor city, its main task was the protection and defense of Novgorod. After the capture of Torzhok, Batu he is going not to Novgorod, but to Kozelsk. Why do you need to waste time and energy besieging an unnecessary city, instead of just going to Kozelsk?

Historians give two explanations:

1. Heavy losses during the capture of Torzhok did not allow Batu to go to Novgorod.
2. The move to Novgorod was prevented by spring floods.

The first version seems logical only at first glance. If the Mongols suffered heavy losses, then it was advisable to leave Rus' to replenish the army. But Batu goes to besiege Kozelsk. There he suffers colossal losses and quickly leaves the lands of Rus'. The second version is also difficult to accept, since in the Middle Ages, according to climatologists, in the northern regions of Rus' it was even colder than it is now.

Paradox with Kozelsk

An inexplicable and paradoxical situation has developed with Smolensk. As described above, Khan Batu, after the conquest of Torzhok, goes to besiege Kozelsk, which at its core was a simple fortress, a poor and small town. The Horde tried to capture it for seven weeks, suffering thousands of losses. There was absolutely no strategic or commercial benefit from the capture of Kozelsk. Why such sacrifices?

Just a day of riding on horseback and you could find yourself at the walls of Smolensk, one of the richest cities of ancient Rus', but Batu for some reason does not go in this direction. It is strange that all the above logical questions are ignored by historians.

Nomads do not fight in winter

There is another interesting fact that orthodox history simply does not pay attention to because it cannot explain it. Both one and the other Tatar-Mongol invasions of Ancient Rus' were committed in winter or late autumn. Let's not forget that Batu Khan's army consisted of nomads, and they, as you know, began their military campaigns only in the spring and tried to finish the battle before the onset of winter.

This is due to the fact that the nomads rode horses, which needed food every day. How was it possible to feed tens of thousands of Mongolian horses in the snowy winter conditions of Rus'? Many historians call this fact insignificant, but it cannot be denied that the success of a long campaign directly depends on the supply of troops.

How many horses did Batu have?

Historians say that the army of nomads ranged from 50 to 400 thousand cavalry. What kind of support should such an army have?

As far as we know When going on a military campaign, each warrior took with him three horses:

• a sled on which the rider constantly moved during the campaign;
• a pack on which weapons, ammunition and warrior’s belongings were transported;
• combat, which went without any load, so that at any time the horse with fresh strength could enter the battle.

It turns out that 300 thousand horsemen equal 900 thousand horses. Plus horses used in transporting rams and other weapons and provisions. That's over one million. How is it possible to feed such a herd in a snowy winter, during the Little Ice Age?

What was the number of nomads?

There is conflicting information about this. They talk about 15, 30, 200 and 400 thousand people. If we take a small number, then it is difficult to conquer a principality with such a number, the squad of which includes 30 - 50 thousand people. Moreover, the Russians resisted desperately, and many nomads died. If we talk about large numbers, then the question of provision of food arises.

Thus, apparently, things happened differently. The main document used to study the invasion is the Laurentian Chronicle. But it is not without flaws, which was recognized by official history. Three pages of the chronicle describing the beginning of the invasion were changed, which means they are not original.

This article examined conflicting facts, and it is suggested that you draw your own conclusions.

SECRETS OF THE RUSSIAN LAND

Rus' AND THE HORDE

A.B. SHIROKORAD

Moscow

"EVCHE"

© Shirokorad A.B., 2004.

© Veche Publishing House LLC, 2004.

CHAPTER 1

BLOODY PROLOGUE

In the spring of 1223, his son-in-law, the Polovtsian Khan Kotyan, came to the Galich prince Mstislav Mstislavovich Udaloy. For many decades, the southern Russian principalities had been waging, in the words of S. M. Solovyov, an “endless and monotonous” war with the Polovtsians. The wars ended in peace, with joint feasts, and several Polovtsian “princesses” became the wives of the Rurik princes. So Kotyan’s daughter, who received the name Maria at baptism, became the wife of Mstislav the Udal.

Russian princes often used the Polovtsians as allies in the fight against their relatives and competitors, and sometimes helped the Polovtsian khans in their squabbles. Therefore, Mstislav was not surprised by his son-in-law’s request to help him with troops in the fight against other nomadic tribes. The only thing that surprised me was Kotyan’s fear of unknown tribes, whom the Polovtsians called Tatars. Kotyan gave his son-in-law many horses, camels, buffaloes, as well as beautiful slave girls, and promised even more after the victory.

The frightened khan demanded: “The Tatars took away our land today, and they will take yours tomorrow, protect us. If you don’t help us, then we will be killed today, and you - tomorrow.”

And so the Rurik princes gathered in Kyiv for advice. There were three senior princes here: Mstislav Romanovich of Kiev, Mstislav Svyatoslavovich of Chernigov and Mstislav Mstislavovich Galitsky (Udaloy). Among the younger princes came Daniil Romanovich Volynsky, Vsevolod Mstislavovich, the son of the Kiev prince, and Mikhail Vsevolodovich, the nephew of the Chernigov prince. Mstislav the Udaloy began to persuade the princes to help the Polovtsians. He said: “If we, brothers, do not help them, they will surrender to the Tatars, and then they will have even more power.” After much thought and discussion, the princes agreed to go against the Tatars. They said: “It is better for us to receive them on a foreign land than on our own.”

The South Russian princes turned to the strong Vladimir prince Yuri Vsevolodovich for help, but he refused - matters were distant, the steppe showdowns never concerned Vladimir. Moreover, I recalled old grievances against Mstislav the Daring.

The squads of the southern princes gathered relatively quickly and went to the southeast. In total, the Russians and Polovtsians had about 80 thousand warriors. The forces of the Tatars ranged from 20 to 30 thousand horsemen.

The Tatar commanders Subedei and Jebe led three tumens 2 through the Caucasus in 1222. The Georgian king George Lasha came out to meet them and was destroyed with his entire army. The Tatars managed to capture guides who showed them the way through the Dalyal Gorge (the modern Georgian Military Road). The Tatar army reached the upper reaches of the Kuban River, to the rear of the Polovtsians. Here the Tatars clashed with the Alans. At the sight of the Tatars, the Alans simply fled, and the Tatars got excellent horses and food. The Polovtsians also did not dare to give battle and very quickly, but in an organized manner, migrated to the Russian borders.

On the right bank of the Dnieper near the city of Zaruba, the Russian army was met by Tatar ambassadors. They told the Russian princes: “We heard that you were going against us, having obeyed the Polovtsians, but we did not occupy your land, neither your cities nor villages, nor did we come against you. By God's permission we came against our servants and grooms, against the filthy Polovtsians, but with you we have no war. If the Polovtsians run to you, then you beat them from there and take their goods for yourself. We heard that they do a lot of harm to you, too, and that’s why we beat them from here.”

The princes did not want to enter into negotiations, but ordered the ambassadors to be killed, believing that they could just be spies.

The Russian army marched for several days along the Dnieper, observing Tatar patrols on the left bank. Near the island of Khortytsia, where the famous Zaporozhye Sich would later arise, Mstislav Udaloy secretly crossed the Dnieper with a thousand of the best horsemen and quickly attacked the vanguard of the Tatars. The Galicians surrounded the Tatars, who took up defensive positions on the Polovtsian mound, and killed them. The Tatar commander, a certain Gemebek, was captured and handed over to the Polovtsians, who immediately killed him.

Then the entire allied army crossed the Dnieper. For eight days the allies walked east, deepening into the Polovtsian steppe. The advanced detachments managed to capture herds of cattle, but there were no military clashes with the Tatars. A small skirmish occurred on the eighth day of the journey near the small river Kalki (modern name Kalchik), which merges with the Kalmius River at its very confluence with the Sea of ​​Azov. The Tatars were defeated and fled. The Russians crossed the Kalka and set up camp on its left bank.

Early in the morning of June 16, 1223. Mstislav Udaloy rode to the forward post and saw the approaching Tatar army. Mstislav decided to deal with the Tatars alone. He alerted only his own regiments, without warning the other princes. At the head of the leading regiment, eighteen-year-old Prince Daniil Romanovich rushed towards the enemy. He received a strong blow to the chest, but was saved from death by strong armor. His uncle, the Lutsk prince Mstislav Yaroslavovich Nemoy, rushed to Daniil’s rescue. The Tatars fled in front of their uncle and nephew, as well as in front of Oleg Kursky's squad.

But then the Polovtsians began to flee. Crowds of Polovtsians, distraught with fear, flew into the regiments of the other princes standing in battle formation. As a result, the Russians suffered a defeat, which, according to the chronicler, “has not happened since the beginning of the Russian land.”

The Kiev prince Mstislav with his son-in-law Andrei and the Dubrovitsky prince Alexander, seeing the trouble, stood on the mountain above Kalka and did not move. His regiments fenced themselves off with a stake and for three days fought off this fortification from the Tatars, of whom only two detachments remained under the command of Chegirkan and Tashukan. The rest rushed in pursuit of the retreating Russian army to the Dnieper.

Along with the Tatars, a large detachment of wanderers also fought, that is, all the rabble that staggered in the steppes. Most of them considered themselves Orthodox. The leader of the Brodniks, Ploskina, entered into negotiations with the Russians and kissed Mstislav’s cross, vowing that if the Russians surrendered, the Tatars would not kill them, but would release them for a ransom. The princes believed, surrendered and were crushed: they were placed under boards on which the noble Tatars sat down to feast.

During the pursuit of the remnants of the Russian troops to the Dnieper, the Tatars killed six princes - Mstislav of Chernigov with his son, Svyatoslav Yanevsky, Izyaslav Ingvarevich, Svyatoslav Shumsky and Yuri Nesvizh. In addition, the famous hero Alexander Popovich was killed.

Mstislav the Udal, with young Daniil Romanovich and several other princes, managed to cross the Dnieper. After this, Mstislav, fearing Tatar pursuit, ordered the destruction of all boats in the crossing area. But the Tatars reached Novgorod of Svyatopolk and turned back. Residents of Russian cities and villages came out to meet them with crosses, but the Tatars killed them. According to the chronicler: “Screams and sighs were heard throughout all cities and towns. We don’t know where these evil Taurmeni Tatars came from and where did they go again? Some interpreted that these must be those unclean nations whom Gideon once drove into the desert and who, before the end of the world, should appear and captivate all countries.”

In fact, these were ethnic Mongols, and I call them Tatars because they are called that way in Russian chronicles and for the convenience of readers. The ancestors of modern Tatars living in Tatarstan not only did not participate in the battle, but, on the contrary, actively resisted the Mongols of Subedei when they tried to cross the Volga at the southern borders of Bulgaria. As the 13th-century Arab historian Ibn al-Asir wrote, the Bulgars “ambushed them in several places” and, having lured them, “attacked them from the rear” and killed many soldiers. The surviving Mongols returned to Mongolia through the steppes of Kazakhstan.

CHAPTER 2

THE FALL OF RYAZAN

“The godless Tsar Batu came to the Russian land with many Tatar warriors and stood on the river in Voronezh near the land of Ryazan. And he sent unlucky ambassadors to Ryazan to Grand Duke Yuri Igorevich of Ryazan, demanding from him a tenth share in everything: in princes, and in all sorts of people, and in the rest. And Grand Duke Yuri Ingorevich Ryazansky heard about the invasion of the godless Tsar Batu, and immediately sent to the city of Vladimir to the noble Grand Duke Georgiy Vsevolodovich of Vladimir, asking him for help against the godless Tsar Batu, or for the Great Prince Georgiy Vsevolodovich of Vladimir to go against him and not go himself and did not send help, planning to fight Batu alone. And Grand Duke Yuri Ingorevich Ryazansky heard that there was no help for him from Grand Duke Georgy Vsevolodovich Vladimirsky and immediately sent for his brothers: for Prince Davad Igorevich of Murom, and for Prince Gleb Ingorevich Kolomensky, and for Prince Oleg the Red, and for Vsevolod Pronsky, and other princes. And they began to hold advice on how to satisfy the wickedness with gifts. And he sent his son, Prince Fyodor Yuryevich of Ryazan, to the godless Tsar Batu with great gifts and prayers so that he would not go to war on the Ryazan land. And Prince Fyodor Yuryevich came to the river in Voronezh to Tsar Batu, and brought him gifts, and prayed to the Tsar not to fight the Ryazan land. The godless, deceitful and merciless Tsar Batu accepted the gifts and in his lies feignedly promised not to go to war on the Ryazan land. But he boasted and threatened to fight the entire Russian land. And he began to ask the princes of Ryazan for daughters and sisters to come to his bed. And one of the Ryazan nobles, out of envy, reported to the godless Tsar Batu that Prince Fyodor Yuryevich of Ryazan had a princess from the royal family and that she was more beautiful than anyone else in her physical beauty. Tsar Batu was cunning and unmerciful in his unbelief, became inflamed in his lust and said to Prince Fyodor Yuryevich: “Let me, prince, taste the beauty of your wife.” The noble Prince Fyodor Yuryevich Ryazansky laughed and answered the Tsar: “It is not right for us Christians to bring our wives to you, the wicked Tsar, for fornication. When you defeat us, then you will own our wives.” The godless Tsar Batu was furious and offended and immediately ordered the death of the faithful Prince Fyodor Yuryevich, and ordered his body to be thrown to be torn to pieces by animals and birds, and he killed other princes and the best warriors.

But one of the mentors of Prince Fyodor Yuryevich, named Aponitsa, survived and wept bitterly, looking at the glorious body of his honest master; and seeing that no one was guarding him, he took his beloved sovereign and buried him secretly. And he hurried to the faithful princess Eupraxia, and told her how the wicked Tsar Batu killed the faithful prince Fyodor Yuryevich.

The blessed princess Eupraxia was standing at that time in her lofty mansion and holding her beloved child, Prince Ivan Fedorovich, and when she heard these deadly words, filled with grief, she rushed from her lofty mansion with her son Prince Ivan straight to the ground and crashed to death ..."

This is what “The Tale of the Ruin of Ryazan by Batu” says. In the 20s and 30s of the 13th century, the Ryazan princes managed to quarrel with both the Grand Duke of Vladimir and the Prince of Chernigov. In addition, the neighboring Russian princes did not appreciate the threat of the Tatar invasion and at first perceived it only as a raid on Ryazan.

As a result, only the Ryazan army came out against the Tatars under the command of the Ryazan prince Yuri Igorevich. The battle took place near the Voronezh River, “... it was an evil and terrible slaughter. Many strong Batyev regiments fell. And Tsar Batu saw that the Ryazan force was fighting hard and courageously, and he was afraid. But who can stand against the wrath of God! Batu’s forces were great and irresistible; one Ryazan man fought with a thousand, and two – with ten thousand.”

The Ryazan army was defeated. In the battle, Yuri Igorevich and his relatives fell - nephews Davyd (the appanage prince of Murom) and Gleb (the appanage prince of Kolomna) Ingvarevich and his great-nephew Vsevolod Mikhailovich (the appanage prince of Pronsky). According to the “Tale...” the entire army also died.

On December 16, 1237, the Tatars besieged Ryazan. It was relatively well fortified. The city, covering an area of ​​about 10 hectares, was built on steep hills. The city rampart, even after standing for such a long time (since the 12th century), was a powerful structure up to 10 m high and more than 20 m wide at the base. A ditch stretched along the entire length of the rampart, reaching great depths in some places. In a number of places the shaft was interrupted - there were fortress gates. When excavating the rampart, it turned out that it was not only a grandiose embankment, but also a complex defensive structure made of earth and wooden fortress walls. In the upper part of the shaft, the remains of a solid wooden wall made of longitudinally placed logs tied with transverse logs were discovered. In addition, there were several intra-city ramparts. There were at least three large stone churches in the city. “Tsar Batu... besieged the city, and fought relentlessly for five days. Batya’s army changed, and the townspeople constantly fought. And many townspeople were killed, and others were wounded, and others were exhausted from great labors. And on the sixth day, early in the morning, the wicked went to the city - some with lights, others with vices, and others with countless stairs - and took the city of Ryazan in the month of December on the twenty-first day. And they came to the cathedral church of the Most Holy Theotokos, and Grand Duchess Agrippina, the mother of the Grand Duke, with her daughters-in-law and other princesses, they flogged them with swords, and they betrayed the bishop and priests to fire - they burned them in the holy church, and many others fell from weapons. And in the city many people, both wives and children, were cut with swords... And the temples of God were destroyed and a lot of blood was shed in the holy altars. And not a single living person remained in the city: they all died and drank the single cup of death. There was no one moaning or crying here - no father and mother about their children, no children about their father and mother, no brother about their brother, no relatives about their relatives, but they all lay dead together. And all this happened for our sins.”

Now a number of historians are inclined to see exaggerations in the “Tale...”. However, archaeological excavations confirm the destruction of the vast majority of the townspeople.

This is what archaeologist V.P. writes. Darkevich: “Our expedition carried out systematic excavations of mass graves of victims of the Mongol invasion in 1977 - 1979. on the hem near the Oka and near the former estate house of the Sterligovs near the southern outskirts of the village of Fatyanovka.

A study of anthropological materials showed: of the 143 opened burials, the majority belong to men aged 30 to 40 years and women from 30 to 35 years. There are many children's burials, from infants to 6-10 years old. These are the Ryazan people, whom the conquerors exterminated without exception, many after the capture of the city. The boys, girls and young women who survived were probably divided among the warriors. The skeleton of a pregnant woman was found; the murdered man was clutching a small child to his chest. Some of the skeletons had broken skulls, the bones bore traces of saber blows, and their hands were severed. Many individual skulls. Arrowheads stuck in the bones. Residents of cities who showed stubborn resistance faced brutal reprisals. With the exception of artisans and those enslaved, the rest of the prisoners were hacked to death with an ax or double-edged ax. Mass executions took place methodically and cold-bloodedly: the condemned were divided among the centurions, and the same ones instructed each slave to kill at least ten people. According to the stories of chroniclers, after the fall of Ryazan, men, women and children, monks, nuns and priests were destroyed by fire and sword, crucified, and struck with arrows. The prisoners' heads were cut off: during excavations by A.V. Selivanov of the Spassky Cathedral discovered clusters of 27 and 70 skulls, some with traces of blows from sharp weapons.”

Some time after the capture of Ryazan, the Ryazan prince Ingvar Ingvarevich arrived in the destroyed city, who during the invasion was in Chernigov with Prince Mikhail Vsevolodovich. As it is said in the “Tale...”: “Prince Ingvar Ingvarevich saw the great final destruction for our sins and cried out pitifully, like a trumpet calling to the army, like a sweet sounding organ. And from that great cry and terrible cry he fell to the ground as if dead.”

Ingvar Ingvarevich gathered the surviving surrounding residents and buried the dead (or at least part of them). Excavations confirm the “Tale...”: “In the mass graves of Ryazan, the dead were buried without coffins, in common pits up to 1 m deep, and the frozen ground was heated with fires. They were laid down according to Christian rites - with their heads to the west, with their hands folded on their chests. The skeletons lie in rows, close to each other, sometimes in two or three tiers.”

Some historians believe that Ingvar Ingvarevich restored Ryazan. They justified this with the same “Tale...”: “The blessed Prince Ingvar Ingvarevich, called Kozma in holy baptism, sat on the table of his father Ingvar Svyatoslavich. And he renovated the land of Ryazan, and erected churches, and built monasteries, and comforted the strangers, and gathered people.”

But the “Tale...” speaks not about the city, but about the land of Ryazan. Archaeologists have clearly proven that Ryazan was no longer restored, and the cultural layer after 1237 not found. Only in one part of the city were the remains of 17th-century estates found. The Ryazan prince made the city of Pereyaslavl Ryazan his capital, which from the middle of the 14th century began to be called Ryazan.

The “Tale...” tells that the Russian boyar Evpatiy Kolovrat, who was in Chernigov with Prince Ingvar Ingvarevich, went to the aid of Ryazan with a “small squad”. “And he rushed to the city of Ryazan, and saw the city devastated, the sovereigns killed and many people killed: some were killed and flogged, others were burned, and others were drowned in the river. And Evpatiy cried out in the grief of his soul, burning in his heart. And he gathered a small squad - one thousand seven hundred people, whom God preserved outside the city. And they chased after the godless king, and barely overtook him in the land of Suzdal, and suddenly attacked the Batu camps. And they began to flog without mercy, and all the Tatar regiments were mixed up. And the Tatars looked like they were drunk or crazy. And Evpatiy beat them so mercilessly that their swords became dull, and he took Tatar swords and cut them with them. It seemed to the Tatars that the dead had risen. Evpatiy, driving right through the strong Tatar regiments, was merciless to them. And he rode among the Tatar regiments so bravely and courageously that the Tsar himself was afraid.”

Tsar Batu “sent his Shurich Khostovrul to Evpatiy, and with him strong Tatar regiments. Khostovrul boasted to the king and promised to bring Evpatiy alive to the king. And strong Tatar regiments surrounded Evpatiy, trying to take him alive. And Khostovrul moved in with Evpatiy. Evpatiy was a giant of force and cut Khostovrul in half to the saddle. And he began to flog the Tatar force, and beat many of the famous heroes of the Batyevs, cut some in half, and chopped others to the saddle. And the Tatars became afraid, seeing what a strong giant Evpatiy was. And they brought on him many vices, and began to beat him with countless vices, and barely killed him. And they brought his body to King Batu. Tsar Batu sent for the Murzas, and the princes, and the Sanchakbeys, and everyone began to marvel at the courage, and the strength, and the courage of the Ryazan army. And they said to the king: “We have been with many kings, in many lands, in many battles, but we have never seen such daredevils and spirited men, and our fathers did not tell us. These are winged people, they do not know death, and so strong and courageously, riding on horses, they fight - one with a thousand, and two with darkness. Not one of them will leave the massacre alive.” And Tsar Batu said, looking at Evpatievo’s body: “O Kolovrat Evpatie! You treated me well with your small retinue, and you beat many heroes of my strong horde, and defeated many regiments. If such a one served with me, I would keep him close to my heart.” And he gave Evpatiy’s body to the remaining people from his squad, who were captured in the battle. And King Batu ordered to let them go and not harm them in any way.”

The Tatars destroyed not only Ryazan, but also ruined the entire principality. They took Pronsk, and Prince Oleg Ingvarevich Krasny was captured by the Tatars. The author of “The Tale...” claims that in Pronsk, Ingvar Ingvarevich collected “the dissected parts of the body of his brother... Oleg Ingvarevich.” But this is not true. The Tatars held Prince Oleg captive until the death of the Ryazan prince Ingvar Ingvarevich in 1252 and only then released him to Rus'. Oleg Ingvarevich died in December 1258. and was buried in Pereyaslavl Ryazan in the Church of the Holy Savior.

The Tatars literally wiped the city of Belgorod Ryazan off the face of the earth. It was never restored again, and now even its exact location is unknown. Tula historians identify it with a settlement near the village of Beloroditsa on the Polosna River, 16 km from the modern city of Veneva.

The Ryazan city of Voronezh also perished. For several centuries the ruins of the city stood deserted, and only in 1586 a fort was built in its place to protect against the attacks of the Crimean Tatars.

The rather famous city of Dedoslavl was also destroyed by the Tatars. A number of historians identify it with a settlement near the village of Dedilovo on the right bank of the Shat River.

However, historians and archaeologists cannot identify the overwhelming majority of dozens of cities (fortifications) destroyed by the Tatars in 1237 - 1238, both in the Ryazan region and throughout Russia. These cities remain nameless. They are united only by traces of fire, mass graves without coffins, or even simply chaotically lying remains of people with traces of violent death, children and adults who hid in basements, stoves and other shelters and found their death there.

CHAPTER 3

THE RUIN OF NORTH-WESTERN Rus'

From Ryazan, Batu’s army moved up the Oka River and approached Kolomna, and there the Tatars were awaited by the squads of Vladimir Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich and the remnants of the Ryazan squad led by Prince Roman Ingvarevich. I note that the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yuri Vsevolodovich himself did not go with the army, but sent his eldest son Vsevolod with the governor Eremey.

The Tatars surrounded the Russians. Roman Ingva-revich and governor Eremey with most of the army were killed in the battle. Yuri Vsevolodovich managed to escape to his father in Vladimir. Kolomna was taken by the Tatars and plundered.

From Kolomna, the troops of Tsarevich Guyuk approached the city of Moscow along the ice of the Moscow River. The capture of Moscow is described briefly and unclearly in Russian sources. In any case, the wooden Kremlin was taken by storm. Voivode Philip Nyanka (Nyanko) was killed, and the young prince Vladimir Yuryevich (the third son of Yuri Vsevolodovich) was captured. Tsarevich Guyuk took with him the captive Vladimir Yuryevich and the head of Philip Nyanka, who had fallen in battle, and went to the city of Vladimir.

February 3, 1238 The main forces of the Tatars, led by Batu, approached Vladimir. Grand Duke of Vladimir Yuri Vsevolodovich fled from the capital. In Vladimir, he left his wife Agafya and two eldest sons Vsevolod and Mstislav with the governor Pyotr Oslyadyukovich and part of the squad.

Yuri with the main army moved to the northwest and, having crossed the Volga near Uglich, set up his camp on the Sit River, about 30 km west of the Volga. Together with the Grand Duke were his three nephews - the sons of Prince Konstantin Vsevolodovich Vasilko, Vsevolod and Vladimir. Having called upon his brothers Yaroslav and Svyatoslav, Yuri Vsevolodovich obviously intended to take up defensive positions with the participation of all available squads of the Suzdal land and use the Volga and Mologa rivers as natural defensive lines from the east and north.

As the Tver Chronicle says: “The lawless Tatars came to Vladimir... They brought Vladimir Yuryevich with them to the Golden Gate, asking: “Do you recognize your prince?” His brothers, governor Oslyadyukovich and all the people shed copious tears, seeing the bitter torment of the prince. The Tatars moved away from the city gates, drove around the city, and then set up camp at a visible distance in front of the Golden Gate. Vsevolod and Mstislav Yuryevich wanted to leave the city against the Tatars, but Peter the Voivode forbade them to fight, saying: “There is no courage, no reason, no strength against God’s punishment for our sins.”

While part of the Tatar army surrounded Vladimir with a palisade and prepared siege engines, the rest of the army made a lightning raid on Suzdal on February 5 and burned the city on the same day.

The assault on Vladimir began on the morning of February 7. As the same Tver Chronicle says: “In the morning, princes Vsevolod and Mstislav and Bishop Mitrofan saw that the city would be taken, and, not hoping for anyone’s help, they all entered the church of the Holy Mother of God and began to repent of their sins. And those of them who wanted to accept the schema, Bishop Mitrofan tonsured them all: the princes, and Princess Yuri, and his daughter, and daughter-in-law, and pious men and women. And the Tatars began to prepare vices, and approached the city, and broke through the city wall, and filled the ditch with broken branches, and so, according to a sign, they entered the city; So from Lybid they entered the Irinin Gate, and from Klyazma into the Copper and Volga Gates, and so they took the city and set it on fire. The princes, and the bishop, and the princesses saw that the city was set on fire and people were dying in the fire, and others were being cut down with swords, and the princes fled to the Middle City. And the bishop, and the princess with her daughters-in-law, and with her daughter, Princess Theodora, and with her grandchildren, other princesses, and boyars, and many people ran into the church of the Holy Mother of God and locked themselves in the choir. And the Tatars took the Middle City, and knocked down the doors of the church, and collected a lot of wood, surrounded the church with wood and set it on fire. And all those who were there suffocated, and so gave up their souls into the hands of the Lord; and the Tatars chopped up other princes and people.”

It should be noted that three sons of Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich died during the siege. Vladimir, Vsevolod and Mstislav are now considered local saints of the city of Vladimir.

It is quite difficult to understand the subsequent actions of the Tatars from Russian chronicles. So, the Laurentian Chronicle says that in February 1238. Six large cities of the Suzdal land were captured, after which on March 4, the army of Yuri Vsevolodovich was defeated on the Sit River. The Novgorod First Chronicle already lists eight cities of the Suzdal land (and only two of them coincide with those listed in the Laurentian Chronicle) and reports that they were taken after the Battle of the City. The Nikon Chronicle of the 16th century adds two more cities to the previously mentioned cities. No details of the capture of any of the fourteen cities named in various sources are given in the chronicles. The story of the capture and plunder of Suzdal, to which more space is devoted than to all others, consists of fragments borrowed by chroniclers from early texts. For example, from the description of the sack of Kyiv by the Polovtsians in 1203, and this description can hardly be trusted. There was no place even for the story about the destruction of Rostov, whose own chronicle was later included in the chronicle of Vladimir (that is, in the Lavrentievskaya). It seems that the chroniclers of Vladimir and Novgorod simply listed the main cities of the Suzdal land without any idea of ​​which of these cities the Tatars attacked, which they plundered, and which they bypassed.

L.N. Gumilyov states: “Residents of the rich commercial Uglich, for example, quickly found a common language with the Mongols. By handing over horses and provisions, the Uglich residents saved their city; Later, almost all Volga cities did the same. Moreover, there were Russians joining the ranks of the Mongol troops. The Hungarian chronicler called them “the worst Christians.”

Professor of the Kazan State Pedagogical University Zufar Zainievich Miftakhov believes that “Kostroma, Tver, Yaroslavl survived - all the cities along the Volga survived precisely because they made peace with the Tatars and Mongols.”

In my opinion, the question of Kostroma should be considered open, but Tver was destroyed by the Tatars, and in 1240. Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich actually founded a new city on the left bank of the Volga at the mouth of the Tvertsa River. And old Tver was one and a half kilometers away on the right bank of the Volga at the confluence of the Tmaka River.

It should be noted here that after the capture of Vladimir the Tatars did not move as a single army, but in separate strike groups. Miftakhov brings some clarity. He claims that together with Batu’s army, 11 to 12 thousand Bulgar troops moved under the command of Emir Gazi Baraj. A separate Bulgar detachment of Boyan, the son of the Bulgar king Altynbek, acted in the north in isolation from the Tatar forces. Boyan managed to capture the city of Ustyug. The former Nizhny Novgorod monk As-Azim, who served for some time as a priest in the city of Bilyar and was sent by Gazi Baraj on a campaign together in Boyan, persuaded the local governor to surrender the city without bloodshed.

After the capture of Ryazan by the Tatars, the army of Emir Gazi Baraj moved to Nizhny Novgorod. By the time the Bulgar troops arrived, the prince was not in the city, and the Nizhny Novgorod boyars themselves opened the gates to Gazi Baraj. Miftakhov claims that about 4 thousand Russian foot soldiers from Nizhny Novgorod and Rostov joined the emir’s army.

By the beginning of March 1238. squads of several princes of northeastern Rus', led by Yuri Vsevolodovich, gathered on the Sit River. Among them was his brother, Prince Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich of Pereyaslavl, and three nephews Vasilko, Vsevolod and Vladimir Konstantinovich. Not a single prince ever wanted to join the Grand Duke of Vladimir. Brother Yaroslav Vsevolodovich in 1236 captured Kyiv and became the Grand Duke of Kyiv. Our loyal historians claim that Yaroslav really wanted to help his brother Yuri and was in a hurry to Sit, but was a little late. In fact, the cunning Yaroslav did not even think of fighting the Tatars, but after the death of Yuri, he really hurried and quickly ran to reign in Vladimir.

Yuri Vsevolodovich turned out to be an extremely mediocre commander. It is quite possible that he and his entourage were attacked by panic fear of the Tatars. He did not even bother to organize reconnaissance and surveillance of the Tatar army. As a result, the Russian squads were suddenly surrounded by the Tatars. On March 4, during a brutal battle, the Russians were completely defeated, and princes Yuri Vsevolodovich and Vsevolod Konstantinovich fell in battle. As the Tver Chronicle says: “And the Tatars captured Vasilko Konstantinovich of Rostov and took him to the Shernsky forest, forcing him to live according to their custom and fight on their side. But he did not submit to them and did not accept food from their hands, but uttered many blasphemous words against their king and all of them. They, cruelly torturing him, killed him on the fourth of March, in the middle of Lent, and threw his body in the forest.” Later, princes Yuri Vsevolodovich and Vasilko of Rostov were canonized.

The battle took place between the modern villages of Ignatovo and Revyakino Gorodishche, Yaroslavl region, approximately 16 km above the confluence of the Sit River into the Rybinsk Reservoir. Archaeologist N.P. Sabaneev discovered the graves of fallen soldiers in this area. Alas, the ungrateful descendants did not bother to erect not only a monument, but even any sign indicating the place of the battle.

It is curious that Miftakhov claims that the Tatar-Mongols did not have to participate in the battle of the City, but the Bulgars and 4 thousand Russian infantry from Nizhny Novgorod and Rostov fought with the army of Yuri Vsevolodovich. The Grand Duke of Vladimir himself did not take part in the battle. “Back in 1229, he was “wounded in the backside, which is why since then he could not ride a horse” (Gazi Baraj. Chronicle of Gazi Baraj. 1229-1246. Bakhshi Iman. Collection of Bulgarian chronicles. Volume one. Orenburg, 1993. P. 165). Therefore, Yuri Vsevolodovich left the battlefield not on horseback, but on a cart. He ran away on the road to Novgorod. However, it was not possible to drive far: he was ambushed by Kul Burat. The security detachment was quickly destroyed by Bulgar archers. The Grand Duke jumped off the cart and ran towards the forest, but got stuck in deep snow. The son of the late Tarkhan Bachman, Naryk, ran up to him and cut off his head. Then Naryk planted his head on the staff of his battle banner and sent him to Emir Gazi Baraj.”

Miftakhov also gives a completely different version of the death of Prince Vasilko Konstantinovich, whom he, however, mistakenly calls the Ryazan prince. “A few days after this (the Battle of the City River. - A.Sh.) an unexpected event occurred. On the Novgorod road, two horse patrols met: the patrol of Kul Burat and the patrol of Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. This meeting was preceded by the following events.

Before leaving the city of Vladimir and his family to the mercy of fate, the Grand Duke sent the state treasury to Novgorod on 50 carts. The convoy was accompanied by the Grand Duke's younger brother Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, the Ryazan prince Vasilko Konstantinovich and his son Boris. When the equestrian patrol of Prince Yaroslav collided with the patrol of the Kul Burat detachment, the convoy turned south. However, it was not possible to save the state treasury: unexpectedly the convoy came across a patrol of Guyuk’s detachment. The meeting was so unexpected that confusion arose. Boris, who was riding at the end of the convoy, took advantage of this. He managed to turn around ten carts and quietly leave the meeting place. Boris arrived at the location of the Kul Burat detachment and was escorted to Gazi Baraj. (Gazi Baraj. Chronicle of Gazi Baraj. Vol. 1. pp. 178-179).

According to the testimony of Gazi Baraj, a participant in these events, Prince Yaroslav handed over 40 carts with treasury valuables to Guyuk and at the same time reported that Prince Vasilko Konstantinovich sent his son Boris with 10 carts to Gazi Baraj (Gazi Baraj. Chronicle of Gazi Baraj. Vol. 1. P. 179).

Historian S.M. Soloviev wrote that “the Tatars really wanted Vasilko to accept their customs and fight with them; but the Rostov prince did not eat or drink, so as not to be defiled by the food of the filthy” (S. M. Soloviev. On the history of Ancient Russia. M., 1992. P. 159). According to Gazi Baraj, it was not a matter of “food for the filthy,” but that Prince Yaroslav “slandered poor Vasyl, telling Guyuk that he deliberately sent his son to me with ten carts out of fifty. It was a lie. But in vain Vasyl said that he knew nothing about the contents of the carts and did not persuade Borys to escape. Guyuk tortured him with terrible tortures and, not forcing the bek to slander his son and me, killed him in a rage” (Gazi Baraj. Chronicle of Gazi Baraj. Vol. 1. P. 179).

Disputes and discord over ten carts led to a deterioration in relations between Ghazi Baraj and the princes Guyuk and Batu. Guyuk categorically demanded that the Emir hand over Boris (Borys in Bulgarian). By that time, Gazi Baraj had already sent Boris, under the protection of Naryk’s detachment, to Volga Bulgaria. Gazi Baraj was saved from trouble only by the intercession of Prince Munke and commander Subetai. Subetai told the princes that they should not waste time on disputes and discord, but that it was necessary to “quickly carry out the decree of the great khan” (Gazi Baraj. Chronicle of Gazi Baraj. Vol. 1. P. 179) Only after this they began to prepare to continue the campaign.”

There are several errors in Miftakhov's version and, accordingly, in the Bulgarian chronicle. The younger brother of Grand Duke Vladimirsky, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, was far away - in Kyiv or in the Kyiv region. Gazi apparently confused him with Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, the sixth son of Vsevolod Yuryevich Big Nest. Vasilke Konstantinovich, the Galician prince, really had a son, Boris, but he was only 7 years old at that time. Otherwise, the Bulgarian version is very similar to the truth.

While part of the Tatar (Bulgar) troops marched to the Sit River, another part besieged the city of Torzhok. There was neither a prince nor a princely squad in Torzhok, and the defense was led by “Ivanko Posadnik Novotorzhsky, Yakim Vlunkovich, Gleb Borisovich, Mikhailo Moiseevich,” that is, the top of the merchant posad population. Residents of Torzhok turned in advance for help to Lord Veliky Novgorod, who periodically was the overlord of Torzhok. I note that in Novgorod in 1237 - 1238. the prince was young Alexander Yaroslavovich, the future Nevsky. The Novgorod authorities and Alexander could, together or separately (in this matter they were independent of each other), provide assistance to Torzhok, but they did not lift a finger.

As the Tver Chronicle says, the Tatars surrounded the entire city with a tyn, “just as they took other cities, and besieged the accursed city for two weeks. The people in the city were exhausted, and there was no help for them from Novgorod, because everyone was bewildered and in fear. And so the filthy ones took the city, killing everyone - both men and women, all the priests and monks. Everything was plundered and desecrated, and in a bitter and unhappy death they gave up their souls into the hands of the Lord.

• Step-by-step recipe for making broccoli casserole
• I dreamed of bad, sick teeth
• Tarot wheel of fortune reversed
• Louise Hay complete table of diseases
• Homemade pizza (thin crust)
• Delicious chicken pieces in the oven
• Recipe for delicious thin crust pizza at home
• Making apple cider vinegar at home
• The meaning of the monkey line on the hand. Chirology of the monkey line on the hand.
• Boiled crayfish How long does it take to cook crayfish?

• Decorating an office and home office according to Feng Shui Office Feng Shui
• Thai meat: step-by-step recipe with photos
• How to fry turkey in a frying pan at home
• Cooking the famous carbonara pasta with parmesan in a slow cooker Carbonara in a slow cooker recipe
• Potatoes with sausages in the oven
• French-style meat with potatoes and mushrooms in the oven French-style meat with potatoes and champignons
• “Birch” salad, step-by-step recipe with photos
• Dietary cottage cheese casserole without flour Recipe for dietary cottage cheese and banana casserole
• How to cook beef heart
• Recipe for casserole with broccoli or cauliflower and chicken in the oven