• Philosophy as a worldview, the main range of problems
• Presentation on the topic "Types of fine arts"
• Sights of Washington, presentation for an English lesson (grade 9) on the topic
• Presentation on the topic: Unemployment: causes, types, consequences The concept of unemployment and its types presentation
• The reason for their suffering was explained to Tallinn residents: the sense of smell is more sensitive than instruments.
• Presentation on astronomy "search for life and intelligence in the universe"
• Flag of the Russian Empire 20th century
• The Constitutional Court ruled on the Tatar language - Rossiyskaya Gazeta
• Federal Lezgin national-cultural autonomy Round table on unwritten languages ​​of Dagestan
• Ancient Permian writing: what is Anbur?

Lesson topic. Life and intelligence in the Universe. Space exploration.
Lesson objectives: to consider modern achievements in the study of the Universe and the role
astronomy in our modern life, problems of extraterrestrial civilization;
to form a cognitive interest in physics and astronomy, instill love and respect
to the achievements of science;
development of curiosity, ability to analyze, independently formulate
conclusions, development of speech, thinking.
Lesson type: learning new material.
Type of lesson: combined.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment
II. Repetition of what has been learned
Frontal survey
1. What are the dimensions of the Metagalaxy?
2. What supports the Big Bang theory today?
3. What is the age of our Galaxy?
4. What does the redshift in the spectra of galaxies indicate?
5. What is the distance to the galaxy if its receding speed is 1000 km/s?
6. What does Hubble's law confirm?
III. Learning new material.
A modern educated person should be aware of the problems facing
humanity and about ways to solve these problems, about further prospects for development
social relations, science and technology, the entire civilization as a whole. According to
most scientists, one of the most promising means and methods of preserving and
development of the Earth's civilization is the improvement of astronomical knowledge and
astronautics to attract resources and opportunities of outer space for
humanity's exit from the energy and environmental crisis.
"Civilization is a community of intelligent beings using the exchange of information,
energy, mass for the development of actions and means that support one’s life and
progressive development" (V.S. Troitsky). Or "Civilization is a highly sustainable
state of matter capable of being collected, analyzed abstractly, and used
information to obtain qualitatively new information about the environment and oneself,
for self-improvement of opportunities for obtaining new information and developing
maintaining reactions. The degree of development of civilization is determined by the volume of accumulated
information, operating program and production for the implementation of these
functions" (N.S. Kardashov)
Noocosmology is a complex science that arose at the intersection of basic natural,
social and technical groups of sciences and using their knowledge, cognitive
methods and means for studying the evolution of space civilizations, including
earthly humanity enters.
The main problems of noocosmology are:
1) the emergence and development of life, intelligence and space civilizations on Earth and in
Universe;
2) detection and establishment of contact with extraterrestrial civilizations;
3) consequences of contact, its influence on the development of civilizations and issues of interconnection and
joint development of space civilizations (CC).
Research into models of possible CC evolution leads to obtaining valuable information about

problems facing humanity in the course of its further development.
The growth of scientific, technical, economic, cultural and political ties between
separate peoples and states, the unification of humanity into a single earthly
civilization, the emergence of global problems, the effective solution of which
impossible without the combined efforts of all people on the globe, increasing
the need and significance of short-term and long-term forecasts determined
the need to create noocosmology as a science about the noosphere, the main provisions
which were developed by V.I. Vernadsky; these include:
1) globalism approach, consideration of civilization as holistic, organically unified
systems;
2) social principle of behavior;
3) environmental factor.
The scientific and scientific-technical prerequisites for its creation were successes in
development of the complex of sociological sciences of history, economics, sociology, etc.,
natural and mathematical sciences, astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics
(development of system analysis, synergetics, catastrophe theory, thermodynamics
irreversible processes, etc.), the creation of astronautics and its growing role in solving
global problems, the emergence of real opportunities to come into contact with
extraterrestrial civilizations.
In the middle of the twentieth century, earthly humanity became a Cosmic Civilization (CC)
a society of intelligent beings whose activities have reached cosmic proportions.
The purpose of the intelligent activity of the CC is to study, master and transform
surrounding world or self-restructuring, corresponding to its structure,
characteristics and properties to maintain and increase the sustainability of its existence
and further development; priority development tasks can repeatedly and significantly
change during the life of the CC. Most modern scientists believe that at the beginning
In its development, any CC necessarily goes through a technological stage.
The evolution of the CC is anti-entropic in nature and manifests itself in increasing complexity and
differentiation of internal, social, technological and cultural structure
civilization. Science is a method and tool for understanding the world around us, and
a practical means of transforming it and its own technology with
social division of labor, as one of the prerequisites for successful development
and the use of high technology.
The development of models for the possible development of space civilizations was carried out by
Since the 60s of the twentieth century, many of the world's leading scientists and research
organizations (J. Bernal, A. D. Ursul, V. V. Kazyutinsky, S. Lem, L. V. Leskov, I. S.
Shklovsky, N.S. Kardashev, S.F. Likhachev and others). To build models
used: extrapolation method based on study and forecasting
the most general trends in the development of earthly civilization and a systematic approach consisting of
studying the general principles of the structure, functioning and evolution of complex
self-organizing systems.
It is assumed that by the beginning of the 21st century the rate of increase in carbon dioxide in
atmosphere will exceed its natural decline, average annual temperatures will increase by
1.5 0С, increasing global warming of the “new climate optimum” and increasing
the level of the World Ocean by 68 m, which will cause flooding of vast areas,
which contains dozens of capitals and largest cities on the planet. Increases
absolute and relative humidity, changes in the distribution of precipitation over
regions of the Earth and seasons. These and many other forms of influence of civilization on
all the natural shells of the Earth cannot but cause concern for the future of humanity.
2000, they believe that earthly humanity has reached its maximum level
life development, in the future the situation will worsen.

Overall unbalanced growing overpopulation of the globe with increasing
production and energy consumption, in the absence of waste-free technologies with
the closed nature of the development of civilization by 2020 will lead to a series
increasing resource and environmental disasters with irreversible consequences.
The year 2050 will be a turning point. Environmental pollution will be at its maximum
possible and, according to Forrester’s model, will further decrease due to
progressive decline in production levels and by 2200 with the lowest level
life of humanity, the situation will stabilize, the degraded civilization will
unable to use remaining natural resources, survivors await
primitive existence with a very low standard of living.
Analysis of various models of noosphere evolution leads to the following conclusions:
1. The probability of evolution along different phase trajectories is different.
2. The duration of the technological phase of the evolution of the CC does not exceed (in different
models) 103105 years.
3. There are practically no civilizations with an extensive development pattern,
determined by the unlimited growth of energy and material resource consumption.
IV. Summing up the lesson
Homework
§ 12.412.5

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Preface 5 Chapter I. Space and time 1.1 Space 8 2.2 Time 12 2.3 Finite and infinite 22 Literature 25 Chapter II. Matter - the basis of life 2.1 Primary particles - the basis of matter 28 2.2 Vacuum - a source of energy 34 2.3 Ether 41 2.4 Interaction of primary particles and vacuum quanta 45 2.5 Ensembles of higher levels 50 2.6 Elementary particles 54 2.7 Interactions 63 2.8 Fields 74 2.9 Waves 84 2.10 From particle radiation and decay 94 Literature 100 Chapter III. Pulsating Universe 3.1 About the concept of the Big Bang 102 3.2 The mechanism of pulsation of the Universe 111 3.3 The mechanism of big bangs 118 Literature 131 Chapter IV. Life in the Universe 4.1 The problem of the origin of life 132 4.2 Some ways of the origin of living things 137 4.3 Self-assembly of DNA and RNA 141 4.4 The first living organism - a cell 150 4.5 The emergence and diversity of multicellular organisms 154 4.6 Towards sexual reproduction 162 The process of organ formation 173 Literature 182 Chapter V. The Universe and mind 5.1 Brain - the basis of the mind 183 5.2 Life and Mind between the Big Bangs 193 5.3 Matter and Mind in the Universe 203 God is the Universal Mind 214 Man is a particle of God 221 The purpose and meaning of life 232 Life and death 239 Literature 261 Chapter VI. Knowledge of the Universe 6.1 Information and knowledge in the Universe 264 6.2 Science and religion 278 6.3 Predictions of the future 288 Literature 302 Conclusion 305

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This book paints a picture of the entire infinite Universe, from the smallest particles of matter to the largest regions formed by Big Bangs. It is safe to say that no one has ever drawn such a picture of the Universe. I hope that this book will bring the reader one step closer to understanding the ideal model of the Universe. All chapters of the book are closely interconnected. Therefore, in order to better understand subsequent chapters, you need to master the content of the previous ones. It is necessary to at least briefly note those provisions and hypotheses that belong personally to the author and which determine the logic of the entire book.

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CHAPTER I. Space and time 1.1 What is space? On the essence and properties of space. Are space and matter interconnected? 2.2 What is time? Arrow of time or arrows of time? Properties of absolute and real time. Is it possible to manage time? Is time travel possible? 2.3 Does the Universe have a beginning and an end? Science or faith? How are time, space, matter and mind interconnected?

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CHAPTER II. Matter is the basis of life 2.1 What is the smallest particle of matter? The essence of primordial particles. 2.2 Absolute vacuum is the primary source of all types of energy in the Universe. 2.3 Ether what is it? Ether concept. 2.4 How vacuum energy affects primary particles. What is the essence of positive and negative poles and charges. 2.5 What precedes elementary particles? 2.6 Elementary particles as very complex ensembles of primary particles. 2.7 What is the specificity of the interaction between vacuum and ensembles of primary particles in four types of interactions: weak, strong, electromagnetic and gravitational. 2.8 The secrets of the field, lines of force, negative and positive charges, attraction and repulsion of conductors have been revealed. 2.9 What is the material basis of waves. Interpretation of waves from the perspective of the interaction of primary particles and their ensembles. 2.10 How do radiations differ from waves? What is the essence of some decays, absorptions and transformations of elementary particles. What is the essence of annihilation.

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CHAPTER III. Pulsating Universe 3.1 Did the Universe undergo a Big Bang, finite or infinite? Where did the Big Bang happen? Did the Explosion actually occur at the point? How many Big Bangs have there been? Are all galaxies moving away from us from the same point? 3.2 What does a multipulsating Universe look like? What powers the energy of Big Bangs? How to avoid our galaxy from falling into the center of a future Big Bang? Can time move backwards? 3.3 How does a “black superhole” - a meeting place of tens of billions of galaxies - differ from an ordinary intragalactic “black hole”? Why do “black superholes” explode and Big Bangs occur? How is matter structured after the Big Bang?

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CHAPTER IV. Life in the Universe 4.1 Could life arise in our region of the expanding Universe? Is the spontaneous and accidental origin of life in the Universe possible? 4.2 Which scenario for the emergence of a living organism from inanimate matter is closer to the truth? Where did the first protein molecule originate and what is the mechanism for transmitting information about it to all areas of the Universe? 4.3 Can amino acids be formed in outer space? Were there conditions for the formation of DNA and RNA on terrestrial planets? Could they have arisen due to random processes and spontaneously? How does the leap from the kingdom of inert matter to the kingdom of living matter take place? What came first: DNA - information or the corresponding protein? What was the first to begin to multiply and move? How did the digestive apparatus arise in the simplest cell? 4.4 What can be considered the first living creature? What are the main stages of development in the Universe of this living being - a cell? What is the mechanism for the transition of inanimate matter into living matter? At what point did life begin? 4.5 In what way: union, symbiosis or specialization of cells did multicellular organisms arise? What preceded what: cell differentiation or gene differentiation? Did the development of species follow the pattern of the tree of life or some other pattern? Did the development of species proceed according to a program previously developed by the Supreme Mind, or chaotically and according to the laws of chance? 4.6 Why was the transition to sexual reproduction necessary? Why did some organisms switch from external fertilization to internal fertilization? What was the final design of the floors and what did it lead to? Who came first - men or women? What is the role of the male sex in the life of the species? At what stage of the evolution of organisms and under what conditions did the first organs begin to appear? In what sequence were the proto-organs of the nervous system and other organs formed by natural processes? How cruelly predetermined is the emergence of the rudiment of a particular organ? Is there a relationship between the sequence of genes in the Universe and the sequence of organ differentiation?

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CHAPTER V. The Universe and the Mind 5.1 Brain formation - how did this process begin in the Universe? What stages have you completed? How is the human brain different from a computer? What is the main function of the human brain? What is thinking? What is the mind, biofield and aura? 5.2 On planets around which generation of stars can life and intelligence arise? What is the mechanism by which life and intelligence spread through Big Bang regions? Could an earthly person fly from other star systems? Are all or not all alien creatures similar to us earthlings? 5.3 How do living systems differ from inert, i.e. nonliving systems? What is the ratio of inert and thinking matter in the Universe? What are the goals and main tasks of the Universal Mind? What is God? What is the Universe? Who arose first - God or matter? What is the essence of the great trinity? What is the role of Reason in long-established areas of the Universe? What directly is the material basis of the Universal Mind? Does the Universal Mind-God evolve over time? Does a Person-God exist? Can God exist in a complete vacuum? Is the entire Universal Mind God? Is man a particle of God? Can emptiness, electron, atom, molecule be a particle of God? Who is God and the God-man? Can any religion be considered the only true one? What worlds does God create? What does it mean to love God? What is the highest goal and meaning of Reason? Is the purpose of life death or the fight against death? What is the meaning and purpose of the existence of the Universe? What is the meaning of the existence of space, time, matter, life, mind and God? What is the meaning of human life? What is the measure of material and spiritual wealth? Doesn't eternal existence mean death? How is death genetically programmed?

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CHAPTER VI. Knowledge of the Universe 6.1 What is information in general and primary information in particular? Can information exist without matter and energy? Why is God all-seeing and all-knowing? What is the relationship between information and knowledge, knowledge and thinking? What is the mind? Goals of the Universal Mind. Is it possible to gain knowledge from the souls of dead people? Is there new knowledge for the Universal Mind? Can a computer replace the human brain? Who owns new ideas, thoughts, music, paintings - God or man? Are space trips necessary to exchange experiences? What information is God transmitting to the planet at this historical moment in its development? 6.2 Science and religion – sisters or antipodes? Why did not one, but many religions arise? Why does the Universal Mind not dictate knowledge in its final form? Can Almighty God create turnkey communism on Earth? Why can God punish or reward every person? Does the state of prayer facilitate a person’s contact with God? Is a worldwide unification of religions possible? What are the main tasks of science? 6.3 Does the future affect the present and past? Where do future predictions come from? Is communism possible? How are the communist ideal and religion similar? What should you live for: for the Future or the Present? What is the forecast for Russia? Which type of being - Western or Eastern - will prevail? Monoglobalism or multipolar world? On what basis can a world government be created? Why do you need to know the future?

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The smallest particles of matter are the primary particles, which form all the bodies of the infinite Universe. The level of elementary particles and scattering galaxies is not the boundaries of the Universe in depth and breadth, but the boundaries of our knowledge at the beginning of the 21st century. In the book, these boundaries are expanded, and the Universe is presented in all its infinity: from primordial particles and vacuum to the pulsating Universe with areas of the gathering of galaxies, the formation of “black superholes”, their Big Bangs and the scattering of emerging galaxies, from the infinite distant past to the infinite distant future. The Good Universal Mind is God. The task of every person is to serve as an instrument of God. Not in the distant future, not after death, but now during earthly life. Every person is a piece of God; Thanks to every person, God is not only infinite, but also eternal. This imposes great obligations and great responsibility on each person. Science is as limitless as the Universe, and only the infinite and eternal Universal Mind can fully embrace and reflect it.

Introduction There is nothing more exciting than the search for life and intelligence in the Universe. The uniqueness of the earth's biosphere and human intelligence challenges our belief in the unity of nature. Man will not rest until he solves the mystery of his origin. On this path it is necessary to go through three important steps: to find out the secret of the birth of the Universe, to solve the problem of the origin of life and to understand the nature of the mind. There is nothing more exciting than the search for life and intelligence in the Universe. The uniqueness of the earth's biosphere and human intelligence challenges our belief in the unity of nature. Man will not rest until he solves the mystery of his origin. On this path it is necessary to go through three important steps: to find out the secret of the birth of the Universe, to solve the problem of the origin of life and to understand the nature of the mind. In my essay, I set myself the goal of finding out that we are not alone in the Universe. I want to learn about distant cosmic worlds, about the Universe. In my opinion, the most important thing in astronomy is to find out how the world works, is there life on other planets, are we alone in the vast Universe, or does life exist somewhere, just like ours? In my essay, I set myself the goal of finding out that we are not alone in the Universe. I want to learn about distant cosmic worlds, about the Universe. In my opinion, the most important thing in astronomy is to find out how the world works, is there life on other planets, are we alone in the vast Universe, or does life exist somewhere, just like ours?

The emergence of intelligence must be closely connected with a radical improvement and improvement in the ways of exchanging information between individuals. Therefore, for the history of the emergence of intelligent life on Earth, the emergence of language was of decisive importance. Can we, however, consider such a process universal for the evolution of life in all corners of the Universe? Most likely no! Indeed, in principle, under completely different conditions, the means of exchanging information between individuals could be not longitudinal vibrations of the atmosphere (or hydrosphere) in which these individuals live, but something completely different. The emergence of intelligence must be closely connected with a radical improvement and improvement in the ways of exchanging information between individuals. Therefore, for the history of the emergence of intelligent life on Earth, the emergence of language was of decisive importance. Can we, however, consider such a process universal for the evolution of life in all corners of the Universe? Most likely no! Indeed, in principle, under completely different conditions, the means of exchanging information between individuals could be not longitudinal vibrations of the atmosphere (or hydrosphere) in which these individuals live, but something completely different.

Attempts have long been made to discover and establish contact with other civilizations. In 1974, the automatic interplanetary station Pioneer 10 was launched in the United States. Inside the station there is a steel plate with designs and symbols engraved on it, which provide minimal information about our earthly civilization. This image is composed in such a way that intelligent beings who find it will be able to determine the position of the solar system in our Galaxy and guess about our appearance and, possibly, intentions. But of course, an extraterrestrial civilization has a much better chance of finding us on Earth than finding Pioneer 10. Attempts have long been made to discover and establish contact with other civilizations. In 1974, the automatic interplanetary station Pioneer 10 was launched in the United States. Inside the station there is a steel plate with designs and symbols engraved on it, which provide minimal information about our earthly civilization. This image is composed in such a way that intelligent beings who find it will be able to determine the position of the solar system in our Galaxy and guess about our appearance and, possibly, intentions. But of course, an extraterrestrial civilization has a much better chance of finding us on Earth than finding Pioneer 10.

Currently, life is defined not through the internal structure of the substance that is inherent in it, but through its functions: a control system, which includes a mechanism for transmitting hereditary information that ensures safety to subsequent generations. Thus, due to the inevitable interference in the transmission of such information, our molecular complex (organism) is capable of mutations, and, consequently, of evolution. Currently, life is defined not through the internal structure of the substance that is inherent in it, but through its functions: a control system, which includes a mechanism for transmitting hereditary information that ensures safety to subsequent generations. Thus, due to the inevitable interference in the transmission of such information, our molecular complex (organism) is capable of mutations, and, consequently, of evolution. The emergence of living matter on Earth (and, as can be judged by analogy, on other planets) was preceded by a rather long and complex evolution of the chemical composition of the atmosphere, which ultimately led to the formation of a number of organic molecules. These molecules subsequently served as building blocks for the formation of living matter. The emergence of living matter on Earth (and, as can be judged by analogy, on other planets) was preceded by a rather long and complex evolution of the chemical composition of the atmosphere, which ultimately led to the formation of a number of organic molecules. These molecules subsequently served as building blocks for the formation of living matter.

It should be noted once again that the central problem of the origin of life on Earth - the explanation of the qualitative leap from lifeless to living - is still far from clear. It is not for nothing that one of the founders of modern molecular biology, Professor Crick, said at the Byurakan Symposium on the problem of extraterrestrial civilizations in September 1971: We do not see a path from the primordial soup to natural selection. One can come to the conclusion that the origin of life is a miracle, but this only testifies to our ignorance. It must be noted once again that the central problem of the origin of life on Earth - the explanation of the qualitative leap from lifeless to living - is still far from clear. It is not for nothing that one of the founders of modern molecular biology, Professor Crick, said at the Byurakan Symposium on the problem of extraterrestrial civilizations in September 1971: We do not see a path from the primordial soup to natural selection. One may come to the conclusion that the origin of life is a miracle, but this only testifies to our ignorance

THE MOON is the only celestial body that earthlings have been able to visit, the soil of which has been studied in detail in the laboratory. No traces of organic life have been found on the Moon. THE MOON is the only celestial body that earthlings have been able to visit, the soil of which has been studied in detail in the laboratory. No traces of organic life have been found on the Moon.

Neither astronauts nor automatic stations have yet visited the small planet MERCURY, closest to the Sun. But people know something about it thanks to research from Earth and from the American Mariner 10 spacecraft flying near Mercury (1974 and 1975). Conditions there are even worse than on the Moon. There is no atmosphere, and the surface temperature varies from –170 to 450 C. Under the ground, the temperature averages about 80 C, and it naturally increases with depth. Neither astronauts nor automatic stations have yet visited the small planet MERCURY, closest to the Sun. But people know something about it thanks to research from Earth and from the American Mariner 10 spacecraft flying near Mercury (1974 and 1975). Conditions there are even worse than on the Moon. There is no atmosphere, and the surface temperature varies from –170 to 450 C. Under the ground, the temperature averages about 80 C, and it naturally increases with depth.

In the recent past, astronomers considered VENUS to be an almost exact copy of the young Earth. Unfortunately, due to its proximity to the Sun, Venus is not at all like Earth. In short, it’s also not the best place to live. In the recent past, astronomers considered VENUS to be an almost exact copy of the young Earth. Unfortunately, due to its proximity to the Sun, Venus is not at all like Earth. In short, it’s also not the best place to live.

MARS was considered a habitable planet for good reason. Although the climate there is very harsh (in summer the temperature is about 0 C, at night –80 C, and in winter it reaches –120 C), but it is still not hopelessly bad for life: it exists in Antarctica and on the peaks of the Himalayas. However, there is another problem on Mars: an extremely thin atmosphere, 100 times less dense than on Earth. It does not save the surface of Mars from the destructive ultraviolet rays of the Sun and does not allow water to remain in a liquid state. On Mars, water can only exist in the form of steam and ice. MARS was considered a habitable planet for good reason. Although the climate there is very harsh (in summer the temperature is about 0 C, at night –80 C, and in winter it reaches –120 C), but it is still not hopelessly bad for life: it exists in Antarctica and on the peaks of the Himalayas. However, there is another problem on Mars: an extremely thin atmosphere, 100 times less dense than on Earth. It does not save the surface of Mars from the destructive ultraviolet rays of the Sun and does not allow water to remain in a liquid state. On Mars, water can only exist in the form of steam and ice.

Based on the results of computer modeling, scientists have hypothesized that the polar regions of Mars may be bodies of water covered with a layer of ice that can harbor life. Based on the results of computer modeling, scientists have hypothesized that the polar regions of Mars may be bodies of water covered with a layer of ice that can harbor life.

GIANT PLANETS. The climate of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune does not at all correspond to our ideas about comfort: very cold, terrible gas composition (methane, ammonia, hydrogen, etc.), practically no solid surface, only a dense atmosphere and an ocean of liquid gases. GIANT PLANETS. The climate of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune does not at all correspond to our ideas about comfort: very cold, terrible gas composition (methane, ammonia, hydrogen, etc.), practically no solid surface, only a dense atmosphere and an ocean of liquid gases. Jupiter

SATELLITES OF PLANETS AND COMETS. There has never been any serious hope of discovering life on these bodies, although the study of organic compounds on them as precursors of life is of particular interest. SATELLITES OF PLANETS AND COMETS. There has never been any serious hope of discovering life on these bodies, although the study of organic compounds on them as precursors of life is of particular interest. Europa, satellite of Jupiter

In space we encounter a wide range of physical conditions: the temperature of the substance varies from 35 K to K, and the density from up to 1018 kg/cm3. Among such a large diversity, it is often possible to discover places (for example, interstellar clouds) where one of the physical parameters, from the point of view of terrestrial biology, is favorable for the development of life. But only on planets can all the parameters necessary for life coincide. In space we encounter a wide range of physical conditions: the temperature of the substance varies from 35 K to K, and the density from up to 1018 kg/cm3. Among such a large diversity, it is often possible to discover places (for example, interstellar clouds) where one of the physical parameters, from the point of view of terrestrial biology, is favorable for the development of life. But only on planets can all the parameters necessary for life coincide.

How to find brothers in mind? The search strategy depends on how people imagine the capabilities and desires of these same brothers. How to find brothers in mind? The search strategy depends on how people imagine the capabilities and desires of these same brothers.

For wireless communication on earth, radio is mainly used. Therefore, the main efforts are now aimed at searching for signals from extraterrestrial civilizations (ECs) in the radio range. But they are also carried out in other radiation ranges. Over the past 20 years, several experiments have been carried out to search for laser signals in the optical range. For wireless communication on earth, radio is mainly used. Therefore, the main efforts are now aimed at searching for signals from extraterrestrial civilizations (ECs) in the radio range. But they are also carried out in other radiation ranges. Over the past 20 years, several experiments have been carried out to search for laser signals in the optical range.

Projects for the study of extraterrestrial civilizations Ozma and Serendip Observations began in 1960, when Francis Drake tried to receive signals from the stars Cetus and Eridani using an antenna with a diameter of 26 meters. His work was called the OZMA project. Observations began in 1960, when Francis Drake tried to use an antenna with a diameter of 26 meters to receive signals from the stars Cetus and Eridani. His work was called the OZMA project. In 1992, the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) launched Project SERENDIP (Search for Extraterrestrial Radio Emission from nearby Developed Intelligent Populations). In 1992, the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) launched Project SERENDIP (Search for Extraterrestrial Radio Emission from nearby Developed Intelligent Populations). Bowl at Arecibo on the island of Puerto Rico
Language of Brothers in Mind Contacts with other civilizations will certainly be associated with very great difficulties, and may even turn out to be fruitless. After all, some texts in the dead languages ​​of the Earth, unique messages from the depths of centuries, are still not read. Even greater difficulties should be expected if we manage to accidentally overhear radio messages from other worlds intended for internal use, for example, fragments of television programs or the call signs of space beacons. Contacts with other civilizations will certainly be associated with very great difficulties, and may even turn out to be fruitless. After all, some texts in the dead languages ​​of the Earth, unique messages from the depths of centuries, are still not read. Even greater difficulties should be expected if we manage to accidentally overhear radio messages from other worlds intended for internal use, for example, fragments of television programs or the call signs of space beacons.

Drake's formula Francis Drake proposed a simple formula for estimating the number of intelligent communities in our Galaxy ready to make contact with us: n = N * P1 * P2 * P3 * P4 * t / T, where n is the number of civilizations in the Galaxy ready for radio contact ; N is the number of stars in the Galaxy; P1 - the proportion of stars with planetary systems; P2 is the proportion of planetary systems in which life arose; P3 – the proportion of biospheres in which life has reached the level of intelligence; P4 - the proportion of intelligent communities that reach the technical level of our civilization (or higher) and want to establish contact; t is the average time of existence of technical civilization; T is the age of the Galaxy. Francis Drake proposed a simple formula for estimating the number of intelligent communities in our Galaxy ready to make contact with us: n = N * P1 * P2 * P3 * P4 * t / T, where n is the number of civilizations in the Galaxy ready for radio contact; N is the number of stars in the Galaxy; P1 - the proportion of stars with planetary systems; P2 is the proportion of planetary systems in which life arose; P3 – the proportion of biospheres in which life has reached the level of intelligence; P4 - the proportion of intelligent communities that reach the technical level of our civilization (or higher) and want to establish contact; t is the average time of existence of technical civilization; T is the age of the Galaxy.

So far, we know with relative accuracy only three factors in this formula: the age of the Galaxy T ~ 10^10 years, the number of stars in it N ~ 10^11 and the frequency of formation of planetary systems P1 ~ 0.1. I estimated the remaining factors in my own way: P2 ~ 1, P3 ~ 0.1, P4 ~ 1, t ~ 100 years. Substituting these values ​​into Drake's formula, we see that several civilizations in the Galaxy are now ready for contact with us. Therefore, it makes sense to make an effort and finally establish this contact. So far, we know with relative accuracy only three factors in this formula: the age of the Galaxy T ~ 10^10 years, the number of stars in it N ~ 10^11 and the frequency of formation of planetary systems P1 ~ 0.1. I estimated the remaining factors in my own way: P2 ~ 1, P3 ~ 0.1, P4 ~ 1, t ~ 100 years. Substituting these values ​​into Drake's formula, we see that several civilizations in the Galaxy are now ready for contact with us. Therefore, it makes sense to make an effort and finally establish this contact.

Conclusion From this abstract we can conclude that scientists around the world have not yet proven whether we are alone in the Universe? and whether there is intelligent life on other planets. We often ask very general questions concerning the existence and properties of the Universe as a whole. But just because a question is posed does not mean that it can be answered. From this abstract we can conclude that scientists around the world have not yet proven whether we are alone in the Universe? and whether there is intelligent life on other planets. We often ask very general questions concerning the existence and properties of the Universe as a whole. But just because a question is posed does not mean that it can be answered.

Does life exist in the Universe?

Presentation by slides:

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Does life exist in the Universe? Prepared by Student 11B class Kuntish Oleksandra (

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Imagine for a moment what would happen to humanity if evidence of the existence of other life was discovered outside the Earth. Understanding the origins of extraterrestrial life will change. If life arose more than once in the solar system, then there is a possibility of new life emerging in our system. Based on this, we can come to the conclusion that there are billions of galaxies in the Universe in which new life arises in the same way.

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In addition, if we take into account natural selection, as a result of which only the strongest organism survives in the world of worlds, most likely, each galaxy will have its own species of living beings. Some people believe that many living organisms have long since become extinct, and there is no point in humanity looking for traces of intelligent life on planets. After all, until we were able to build spaceships and began to study space and nearby planets, quite a lot of time passed. But still, very few people think so

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Most are of the opinion that extraterrestrial intelligence exists, it exists. We’re just not ready yet, although we want to see extraterrestrial life and establish contact with them. Now the chance of meeting extraterrestrial intelligence is minimal. And if you take into account all the existing factors, an encounter with a technologically advanced alien species is negligible. But, nevertheless, we should not forget that a more developed species may not want to make contact, or alien creatures are waiting for the moment when we grow to a certain level, and only after that they will contact us .

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A striking example of the search for extraterrestrial civilization is the mission to Mars. Scientists have suggested that the presence of oxygen and methane in the atmosphere of the Red Planet is the real evidence of life activity on the surface of this planet. As you know, oxygen is a chemically active gas, which, when reacting with other gases, very quickly disappears from the atmosphere. If it is present in its pure form, then this is evidence that it is constantly replenished.

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That's why NASA scientists sent the Curiosity rover to Mars. His main task is to search for confirmation of the existence of life or signs of the presence of intelligent beings on this planet. In addition to Mars, it is quite possible that life is or was present on other planets in the solar system. Mars became the first stage of exploration. It is quite possible that similar spacecraft will soon be sent to other planets.

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