Conditions influencing the creation of an architectural work. Climate of Russia and its influence on the architecture of buildings Thermal microclimate of buildings
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CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE CREATION OF AN ARCHITECTURAL WORK
After general remarks, which should introduce us to the circle of main architectural problems, let us get acquainted in more detail with the terminology of architecture, with its technical and stylistic elements. Let us accept the order of presentation that is determined by the sequential emergence of a work of architecture.
Before the architect begins to develop a plan for a future building, he must become familiar with the construction area, since the situation into which the future building must enter in many respects predetermines the direction and purpose of the architectural design. A particularly close connection between the natural situation and the architect’s plan manifests itself in the early stages of the development of architecture. Over time, architects learn to more and more radically resist the demands of nature. In addition, the history of art shows that there are eras and styles that tend to take more into account the material conditions of the situation (Baroque), and other eras that often strive to carry out their architectural ideas against the requirements of nature (Renaissance).
What demands can the situation make on an architect? First of all, it is the surrounding nature, the landscape, the topography of the soil into which the architecture must be built: a castle on a mountain will naturally have a different character than a castle on the shore of a lake. Secondly, the builder must take into account the architectural environment that awaits his construction: in the perspective of a closely built-up street, the building must inevitably take on a different shape than in a loosely located group of houses. Further, when becoming familiar with the building area, the architect will naturally take into account the quality of the very soil on which he intends to build. For poor soil (peat, alluvial sand), those foundations that are adapted for good soil (stone, sand, dry clay, gravel) are not suitable. When the soil is damp, a person strives to raise his home above the water: buildings on stilts, rising above the level of the lake, were common in the Neolithic era and are now often used in some countries and especially in coastal cities (Indochina, Venice).
In general, a dwelling built of wood was always sought to be isolated from the ground as much as possible, since wood, which is well preserved in water, rots in damp soil. The dwellings of the mountaineers - wooden log houses placed on blocks of stone - still preserve the traditions of ancient wooden architecture. From the stories of the Greek writer Pausanias, we know that in one of the oldest Greek temples - the temple Hera V Olympia– the columns were originally made of wood and that they rested on stone bases and stone foundations. Excavations in Mycenaepodium), on which temples rose Etruscans, built of wood. Subsequently, the Romans borrowed the podium from the Etruscans as a purely decorative motif for stone buildings. From this point of view, it is interesting to compare Gothic and Renaissance architecture. It is usually customary to contrast the strict sense of symmetry of Renaissance architects with the seemingly disorderly, picturesquely arbitrary composition in medieval architecture. Shouldn't we, however, look for another explanation for this contrast? The Renaissance architect based his composition on a pre-planned geometric scheme, to which he sought to subordinate natural conditions; the Gothic architect, on the contrary, subordinated his composition to the requirements of the natural situation. Therefore, when he had to deal with flat ground, he could create a strictly symmetrical composition. and in the sanctuaries of Ancient Greece they are fully confirmed by the testimony of ancient writers. Of the same origin is the high foot (the so-called
Climate conditions can have an even more radical influence than soil topography on architectural creativity. Some features of this effect have already been noted when characterizing the coating problem. Here we can talk about differences in temperature, the brightness of light and the warmth of the sun's rays, the degree of dampness and the strength of the wind. The influence of climate affects primarily the orientation of buildings and the layout of cities.
In northern countries, orientation is, of course, dictated by the weakness of the sun's rays and the shortness of the day. Therefore, in the north, the orientation towards the south and the tendency towards the widest possible streets prevail. The enormous width of the streets in St. Petersburg, which at the same time determines the extremely large scale of its monuments, is caused precisely by the desire to give the sun's rays the freest possible access. On the contrary, residents of the south tend to avoid too hot sun. Therefore, for example, the Roman architectural theorist Vetruvius did not advise placing rooms to the south or west. That is why the streets of a southern city often amaze northerners with their narrowness and are rarely oriented from north to south. Southern cities are also characterized by an abundance porticos and indoor galleries lining the streets. In late antique cities - Miletus, Ephesus, Antioch - all the main squares were surrounded by porticos. Of the Italian cities, Bologna has even now retained covered galleries along all the main streets.
The same climate requirements also explain the plan for private housing in the east and south. Closed walls without windows face the street, while the main rooms are located around the courtyard. In Ancient Rome, the main room with a fireplace received light from a central hole in the roof, and since the beams delimiting this hole were blackened by the smoke of the fireplace, the room was called black - atrium (from the Greek - atrium). In Greece era Hellenism the premises of the residential building were combined around the so-called peristyle– an open courtyard surrounded on all sides by a colonnade. On the contrary, in the temperate climate the problem was usually somewhat more complicated: the inhabitants sought to take advantage of the southern warmth in winter, and in the summer they sought refuge in the freshness of the north. It is this distribution of dwellings by season that can often be found in French palaces of the 17th and 18th centuries, for example, in the Louvre.
Not only the sun, but also the wind can determine the orientation of a building: a fisherman’s hut is hidden under the cover of dunes, mountain dwellers’ dwellings are molded on the southern or eastern slopes of the mountains. As for precipitation, we have already seen what a radical effect it has on the nature of the covering of a building. Let's take a look at some more options for this effect.
In countries with very heavy rainfall, gable roofs predominate, and in countries with particularly stormy, torrential rains, the roof slopes either become very high and steep, or are accompanied by a specific break that prevents the roof tiles (Chinese roof) from sliding off. For the same reason, in northern countries the church tower often ends with a high spire. The climatic, and therefore the architectural situation, can, however, change significantly in countries with heavy snowfall. If rain is sought to be drained as quickly as possible, then snow, on the contrary, should be delayed, since its sharp fall can be dangerous and, in addition, snow masses protect the building from the cold. Therefore, in mountainous countries, residential buildings usually have wide roofs with gentle slopes and sometimes with a break that throws snow far from the walls of the house. In this sense, it is interesting to follow the variation of domes in Russian church architecture: in the south (Kyiv) those borrowed from Byzantium semicircular domes; The further north you go (Pskov and Novgorod), into the snowy regions, the more noticeable the bend and sharpening of the dome become. It goes without saying that climatic conditions also affect profiling cornices In rainy areas, eaves usually protrude far forward to prevent water from running down the walls. The Gothic gutter is especially ingeniously combined: the upper projection of the cornice breaks the flowing water, a recess is placed under it, which prevents drops from flowing down the wall and causes them to fall.
The number and shape of windows also largely depend on the climate. In Holland, where the temperature is not very low, but where sunlight is rare, windows occupy a very large area. In countries where a lack of light is combined with cold temperatures (Scandinavian countries, Russia), double windows are common, preventing air draft and lowering the temperature. At the same time, the size and number of windows are reduced in countries where the abundance of snow contributes to the brightness of reflected light - in the entire Alpine zone, from France to the Black Sea, windows in residential buildings are used very sparingly.
In the south, windows are usually sparsely placed to prevent heat from entering the room. It is interesting to compare two monumental buildings of the Renaissance, similar in purpose - the Louvre in Paris and the so-called palazzo Cancellaria in Rome. In a Roman palace, windows occupy 12 percent of the entire façade area, while in the Louvre - 21 percent; The height of the windows in relation to the total height of the building in Cancellaria is 35, and in the Louvre - 54 percent. To a large extent, the same reasons explain the transformations that the Gothic style experienced in different countries of Europe. In Italy, for example, Gothic received very little development. This is partly explained by the opposition that local, ancient traditions had to the Gothic system, but perhaps an even more important role was played by the climatic conditions of Italy. The pointed arch, which forms the main structural basis of the Gothic style, has the advantage that it shifts the entire weight of the vaults from the walls to the pillars, and this, in turn, makes it possible to make the walls lighter and open large holes in them, filled with Gothic colored stained glass windows. Therefore some French chapels Gothic style are completely transparent, see-through pavilions, glass cages, for example, the medieval tomb of the French kings, Sainte-Chapelle. Under the Italian sky there could not be a need for such an abundance of light, and, therefore, the pointed arch could not gain wide popularity: the walls of Italian churches in the Gothic era are massive, there are few windows, and they are usually small in size; the pillars supporting the vaults are sparsely spaced - instead of the dynamics of the lines, the continuous upward movement, the result is a calm and free expansion of space in width.
Let us finally note the influence of climate on the development of polychrome in architecture. There is no doubt that the use of colored materials in architecture and the coloring of buildings flourishes in countries with a bright sun, with an abundance of light, that is, in the south: this is evidenced, for example, by the bright colors of ancient Greek temples, motley polychromy Arabic and Moorish architecture. But let’s not forget one more climatic factor, which is just as conducive to the development of polychromy as the bright sun: in countries with heavy snowfall, we will encounter the same tendency for buildings to be variegated, as happens in Russia, Poland, and Switzerland.
UDKUDK (083.74)
Lomakin I.A.
Student
2nd year student, Faculty of Art and Graphics
Kursk State University
Russia, Kursk
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MAIN CLIMATE ELEMENTS AFFECTING ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN.
Climatic elements include: air humidity, temperature, precipitation, wind, solar radiation, precipitation. The climatic characteristics of a territory or a city can be determined by relative air humidity, temperature, and wind. The maximum values of the main climatic factors make it possible to characterize the climate. At the same time, the critical values of different climatic factors are functionally interrelated. It is possible to identify the specifics of the climate with knowledge of the criterion values of the elements. You can also find the degree of deviation of elements from comfortable conditions, formulate a set of requirements to be taken into account when designing the local area, development, and buildings.
Overheating of premises is possible at air temperatures above 21°C. This phenomenon is particularly evident in the presence of isolation (exposure to direct sunlight). Overheating of the human body begins at air temperatures above 28 °C. In such conditions, protection from the sun is necessary, as well as air movement both indoors and in urban areas.
It is necessary to take into account the combined effects of wind and temperature on humans. During the transitional seasons of the year, when the outside temperature is close to 0°C and the relative humidity is more than 70% or more, there is a need to protect the pedestrian from the wind. Protection is also desirable at temperatures down to -15°C in winter.
Protection is necessary for compliance:
Air temperature, °C | 15…-20 | 20…-25 | 25…-30 | 30…-35 | below -35 |
Wind speed, m/s | Up to 3.5 |
Active pedestrian protection is required at temperatures below -35°C (covered insulated passages). When the wind speed is more than 5 m/s and there is a negative temperature outside, there is a sharp increase in cooling of buildings (by 12-15%) and people. The transfer of sand and snow begins at a wind speed of 6 m/s. In such conditions, it is necessary to protect residential areas of cities. When wind speeds exceed 12 m/s, mechanical damage to building elements occurs.
An unfavorable condition for humans is air humidity of less than 30% and more than 70%. A favorable factor is air humidity in the range of 30-70% (depending on temperature).
When designing high-rise buildings, special consideration of wind parameters is required. This attitude to this criterion arises from the need to ensure the stability of buildings under the influence of wind loads that increase with height. Also, the higher the building, the stronger the wind turbulence near the walls. Strong wind currents flow around the volume, and some of them fall down and fall on pedestrians located near the building.
In Fig. Table 1 provides characteristics of temperature and wind, the joint impact of which must be taken into account when shaping the external environment of the city.
The combination of relative humidity and temperature is of great importance. In hot weather, there is a need to ensure that high humidity does not prevent a person from transferring excess heat, which accumulates in the body under these conditions, to the external environment. If this need is not realized, then a person may experience heat stroke. From the graph of temperature and humidity conditions (Fig. 2) it follows that in order to maintain comfortable conditions in the summer when the temperature increases from 18°C to 28°C, it is necessary that the relative air humidity decreases to a level of 30-50%.
Rice. 1. Complex effects of temperature and wind on buildings and people in the external environment
Rice. 2. Temperature and humidity schedule during the warm period of the year
Using the given graphs and identified dependencies, a competent architect makes the right decisions to ensure comfort in the living environment.
List of used literature:
1. Architectural physics: Textbook. for universities, special A-87 “Architecture” / Ed. N.V. Obolensky. – M.: Stroyizdat, 1997. – 448 p.: ill.
2. City, architecture, people and climate / Myagkov M. S., Gubernsky Yu. D., Konova L. I., Litskevich V. K. Ed. Ph.D. M. S. Myagkova, - M.: "Architecture-S", 2007. - 344 pp.; ill.
3. Litskevich V.K. Housing and climate. – M.: Stroyizdat, 1984. – 288 p.; ill.
4. SNiP, * Construction climatology. M. 2000.
5. SNiP 2.01.01.-82. Construction climatology and geophysics. M. 1983.
6. Guide to building climatology (design manual). – M.: Stroyizdat, 1977.
8. Aronin D. Climate and architecture M., Gosstroyizdat, 1959.
Temperature and humidity are the characteristics that best characterize the climate of an area. For the main cities of Russia, these parameters, statistically average for each month of the year, are presented in SNiP 01/23/99 “Building Climatology”. Types of weather are characterized by gradations of temperature in a given area. Temperature during the working day is of greatest importance. In terms of thermal effects on humans, the following types of weather are typical: Cold (;< +8° С); требуется отопление гражданских зданий. Прохладная (= +8...+15°С); при этой температуре, как правило, держат закрытыми окна и не пользуются длительно балконами, лоджиями и террасами. Теплая (= +16...+28 °С); позволяет длительно использовать открытые помещения. Жаркая (выше +28 °С); вызывает необходимость ограничения перегрева помещений и использования искусственного охлаждения воздуха. Кроме того, для многих районов целесообразно выделение очень холодной (< -12° С) и очень жаркой (выше +32 °С) погоды, неблагоприятно воздействующей на человека. В СНиП «Строительная климатология» даются среднемесячные температуры воздуха, включающие температуру в ночное время. где - средняя амплитуда колебаний температуры в течение суток для данного месяца. Ее величины не приводятся в СНиП 23-01-99 «Строительная климатология» (рис. 1.2). Поэтому при климатическом анализе надо пользоваться СНиП II-А.6-72.
The duration of characteristic types of weather throughout the year determines the main climate features that influence the architectural and structural solutions of buildings.
Thus, during four months of the year, it is necessary to limit overheating of premises using sun protection devices and the use of artificial air cooling. During the rest of the year, summer rooms can be used. Heating is practically not required and should be arranged solely for heating the premises in cases of an unexpected drop in air temperature. The type of building should be determined taking into account the protection of premises from overheating during the hot season. Open spaces, landscaping and watering around buildings are advisable. Sun protection and artificial cooling are necessary. The orientation of the longitudinal facades should be latitudinal (N-S) with service and communication rooms, staircases, kitchens, etc. located in the northern part, and most of the living rooms in the southern part. With proper design of buildings, the use of sun protection and special systems that use solar energy for hot water supply and heating, it is possible to reduce energy consumption during building operation to a minimum.
As can be seen from the table, the climate in Yakutsk is sharply continental. Heating is required for 7 months of the year, and for three months the weather is very cold, which has an adverse effect on humans. For three months of the year the weather is very hot, requiring limiting overheating and artificial cooling. All this must be taken into account when designing, using double vestibules, closed passages between houses and other special measures. Here, it is also possible to save energy costs during the operation of buildings. Especially due to solar hot water supply and solar heating in April and September. However, these savings will be significantly less than in example 1. The examples given represent an element of climate analysis in architectural and construction design. This analysis is carried out “from general to specific,” i.e. from assessing the background patterns characteristic of large territories to assessing the microclimate of specific construction sites, taking into account the relief, vegetation, water spaces, and the nature of the development. These factors can influence the background characteristics that are accepted according to SNiP “Building Climatology”. A schematic map of climatic zoning for construction is shown in Fig. 1.3. According to this map, the territory of Russia is divided into IV zones with subdistricts. Using this map and tables in SNiP “Building Climatology”, the seasons of the year are identified that determine the type of buildings in a given area. So, for example, the climate in example 1 can be briefly described as follows: Sochi: 8-T+ZZH+1-OZH; Yakutsk: ZOH+2X+2P+2T+HLS
Analysis of the wind regime along the sides of the horizon and the total radiation on differently oriented surfaces allows us to resolve the issue of the directions of opening of the architectural space or its protection. When assessing a specific site, the designer studies the landscape, topography of the site, makes adjustments for the microclimate of slopes of different orientations, sets the conditions for wind blowing of buildings, calculates insolation, natural lighting of premises, etc. For this, geodetic bases of sites with contour lines, marks, and existing buildings are used. When approving a project in the territorial Architectural and Planning Department, the following sections of the project related to issues of environmental physics and enclosing structures are required:
- - energy saving and building heating engineering;
- - noise protection;
- - natural light and insolation.
Without approval of these sections, any construction of buildings (except for individual construction) is considered illegal.
“Form follows climate,” famous Indian architect Charles Correa once said. According to this idea, architecture should respond to climate conditions, neutralize its disadvantages and take advantage of its advantages.
By studying construction traditions in different climatic conditions, you can see solutions that have been proven over the years. For example, in areas with heavy rainfall, the roof slope is made steepest, and in areas where winds blow, in a dry climate it is advisable to install a flat roof.
In modern construction, they try to make buildings as energy efficient as possible. Natural and climatic conditions are used to help reduce operating costs. Comfort requirements are met naturally wherever possible.
How and what means do architects use in design when working with climate?
Daylight
Natural lighting is one of the main climatic parameters taken into account when creating a project. Well designed, it significantly reduces the need for electric light and improves the visual quality of the space. The most basic way to increase the level of natural light in a building is to increase the number and size of glazed surfaces and translucent fences. Windows, atriums, overhead light - provide sufficient light into the interior.
Orientation to the cardinal points is an important parameter that takes into account climatic conditions. How to locate rooms for various purposes and where to orient them is described in the design standards. They are different for each area.
It is important to achieve a comfortable insolation regime. Often you have to deal with excess bright sunlight and overheating. In such cases, shadow screens, roof overhangs, canopies, trees and other elements are used.
Recently, the use of sunlight as a renewable energy source has been increasing in popularity, especially in countries with the greatest number of sunny days.
Photovoltaic cells (solar panels) are installed on roofs and other actively illuminated surfaces of buildings.
Wind
Natural wind currents are also used to improve conditions in and around buildings. Thanks to knowledge of the laws of aerodynamics, it is possible to successfully cool and ventilate even huge skyscrapers near the Arabian Desert.
A double facade, between the layers of which air circulates, copes with this task, saving money on air conditioning. The interaction between the shape of the building and the prevailing winds is checked by blowing the model in a wind tunnel and making calculations. The larger the building, the more important it is to check it first and, if necessary, adjust it.
Landscape
Interaction with the landscape begins with urban planning ideas. For example, on which side of the mountains should the city be located? Where to lay out gardens and parks, place fountains and swimming pools?
When designing a separate building, its surroundings are also designed.
Intensive use of trees cools and humidifies the air and creates the necessary shade. So, it is advisable to protect the southern façade from the sun. In addition, dense plantings of greenery can create cooling wind currents. A pond near the building is another technique that improves the microclimate, while a light breeze regularly refreshes the air.
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