Mango tatar bo'yinturmi? Rossiyada tatar-mo'g'ul bo'yinturug'i bormi?
"Tatar-mo'g'ul bo'yinturug'i" ning yo'qligi sir emas va mo'g'ullar bilan hech qanday tatarlar Rossiya bilan mag'lubiyatga uchramagan. Lekin kim va qanday qilib soxta tarix? Tatar-mo'g'ul bo'yinturug'ining orqasida nima yashiringan?
U erda faqat aniq tatar-mo'g'ul zulmidan gipotezasini rad emas faktlar bir qator bor, lekin, shuningdek, hikoya ataylab buzib, deb aytish, va bu, deb juda aniq maqsadida amalga oshirildi ... Lekin nima uchun va qasddan tarixi buzib kim? Haqiqiy hodisalarni yashirishni xohladilar va nima uchun?
Mo'g'ulistonda Chingizxon xonimning bu qo'shig'i mo''jiza ostida yashirin muzey mavjudligi haqida mish-mishlar tarqalgan, bu erda Xitoyning Mo'g'ulistonni boshqarayotganligini ko'rsatadigan xaritalar mavjud. Bundan tashqari, so'nggi o'n yilliklar ichida xan xitoylarining bunday migratsiyasini boshidan kechirgan Ichki Mo'g'ulistonda achchiq ironiya manbai bo'lib, mo'g'ullar bu hududdagi eng qudratli omillaridan biri bo'lib, endi bu aholining deyarli 15 foizini tashkil qiladi.
Agar tarixiy haqiqatni tahlil qilsak, "tatar-mo'g'ul bo'yinturug'i" Kiev Rusiyasining "suvga cho'mdirilishidan" oqibatlarini yashirish uchun ixtiro qilinganligi ravshan bo'ladi. Axir, bu din tinch yo'l bilan uzoq vaqtdan beri tatbiq qilingan ... "suvga cho'mish" jarayonida Kiyevdagilarning katta qismi vayron qilingan! Albatta, bu dinni qo'llash orqasida turgan kuchlar keyinchalik tarixni uydirib, tarixiy haqiqatlarni o'zlari va ularning maqsadlari uchun jig'ilardir ...
U mo'g'ullarning g'azabi chuqur, ammo konsentratsiyali emasligini aytdi. Shuningdek, Rossiyaning yirik mo'g'ul ozchiliklari bor: Buryat, Mo'g'uliston bilan chegarada yashaydigan mo'g'ul xalqlari. Buryatiya Chingiz Xon tarixida alohida o'rin tutadi, chunki u erda uning onasi dafn etilgan. U erda Chingiz Xan qaytadi, lekin Xitoyga qaraganda ko'proq muffledik.
Yigirma ikkita aka-uka Oleg va Bair Yumov Buryat Davlat drama teatrida "Qonli cho'l" nomli o'yinni ijro etishdi, bu Hamlet o'rta asrlarda o'z fikrini o'zgartirdi va ular Chingiz Xanning misolidan ilhomlanganligini aytdi. Chingis tomonidan e'lon qilingan qonunlar kitobi Yasakni yashirish uchun, ularni Yaponiyalik samuray kodi bilan taqqoslagan Bair Yumov: "Uning so'zlariga munosib bo'lishni va uning qonunlariga rioya qilishni xohlayman", dedi u. "Odamlar diktator va zolim deb aytishadi", - deydi Oleg. - Ammo bu safar ular rahbarlikni talab qildilar.
Ushbu dalillarni tarixchilar bilishadi va sir emaslar, ular omma uchun ochiqdir va har kim ularni internet orqali osongina topishlari mumkin. Ilgari keng tarqalgan ilmiy tadqiqotlarni va asoslashni rad etib, "Tatar-Mo'g'ul bo'yinturug'i" haqida katta yolg'onni rad qiluvchi asosiy faktlarni umumlashtiraylik.
Pyer Duflosning frantsuzcha oymalar (1742-1816)
Shuni tushunish kerakki, u jismonan kuchli emas, balki kuchli ruh edi. Ba'zi rossiyaliklar Chingisni ortiqcha baholamaydilar. Neyro-evrosiyolarning ta'sirli intellektual harakati a'zolari, Chingqis Rossiyani egallab olganini, aslida uni birlashtirdi va katolik G'arbiy Evropadan asosiy pravoslav xarakterini himoya qildi.
Ko'pgina ruslar hali Chingizga nisbatan salbiy munosabatda bo'lishadi, va ayniqsa, millatchi ruslar, uning reabilitatsiyasi Buryat millatchiligining to'lqini bilan birga kelganiga shubha qilishadi. Mo'g'uliston va Xitoydan farqli ravishda, Rossiyada Chingis uchun rasmiy yodgorlik yo'q, biroq Buryatiyaning poytaxti Ulan-Ude shahridagi rasmiylar yaqinda shahar markazidagi moziy Buryat qahramoni Gezer haykalini o'rnatgan.
1. Chingizxon
Avvalroq Rossiyada 2 kishi davlatni boshqarishda mas'ul edi: shahzoda va Xon. Shahzodani tinchlik davrida davlatni boshqarishga mas'ul edi. Xan yoki "harbiy knyaz" urush davrida nazoratni o'z qo'liga oldi, tinchlik davrida qo'shinni (armiyani) shakllantirish va uni ogohlantirish uchun javobgar edi.
Haykali Gesar "Chingizxon bilan bir xil" deb aytib, ikki marta rejalarini kechiktirildi qilgan faxriylar, bir guruh duch, - Dorje Tsybikdordzhiev, Rossiya Fanlar akademiyasi Sibir filiali Mo'g'uliston tadqiqotlar instituti, buddist va Tibet tadqiqotlari a'zosi dedi. "Chingizxon haykalini chindan ham ko'tarsa, nima bo'lishini tasavvur qilishingiz mumkin".
Umuman, Buryatiya ta'lim odamlar - etnik rus yoki buryattsy yo'qmi - Chingizxon har qanday etnik guruh ishchilar sinfi, erkaklarga nisbatan ko'proq ijobiy o'ylab, Chingizxon rus tarixchilari doktorlik dissertatsiyasini qilgan Jamil Chimitova, Buryat davlat universiteti huquq fakulteti dekani, dedi.
Chingiz Xan - bu nom emas, balki zamonaviy dunyoda armiya qo'mondoni lavozimiga yaqin bo'lgan "urush shahzodasi" unvoni. Va bunday nomga ega bo'lgan bir necha kishi bor edi. Ulardan eng muhimi Timur edi, u odatda Chinggi Xon haqida gapiradigan bo'lsa, u haqida.
Tarixiy hujjatlarda omon qolgan bu odam ko'k ko'zlari, juda oq terisi, kuchli qizg'ish sochi va qalin soqolli uzun bo'yli jangchi sifatida tasvirlangan. Mongoloidlarning irqiy vakilining belgilari aniq emas, lekin slavyan tashqi ko'rinishiga to'liq mos keladi (L. B. Gumilev - "Qadimiy Rossiya va Buyuk Cho'l").
Bir rus arxeologi, hatto Chingizxonning Buryatiyada dafn etilganligi, uning fikri odatiy bo'lsa-da, Baykal ko'lining shimoliy qismida joylashgan. Ikki kundan so'ng, Germaniya Sovet Ittifoqiga hujum qildi. "Agar Tamerlan qabrini ochganimizda sodir bo'ladigan bo'lsa," - dedi u, "Chingizxonni ko'rganimizda nima bo'lishini tasavvur qilaylikmi?"
Rossiya ekanligini quvonchli bilan birinchi uchrashuv ketdi "nihoyat" keng mintaqaviy hukumat tashkil etish, pochta tizimiga, aholini ro'yxatga olish va harbiy tashkilot bilan qilinadi, uning mo'g'ul tarafdorlari, ostida hayotning aniq rasm bo'ladi.
mamlakat Evroosiyo deyarli butun fath marta qadimiy ekanligini aytib, bugungi "Mongoliya" hech audio xalq dostonlari, In, aniq, "NGC buyuk fotih Chingizxon ... (NV Levashov haqida hech narsa yo'q va ko'rinmas genotsid "). 
Chingizxonning taxtini klan tamga bilan swastika bilan tiklash.
Ammo skript ishlab chiqilgach, Rudakov shunchalik zerikarli edi. Mo'g'ullarning tasvirlari, uning so'zlariga ko'ra, chuqur alamzadadir. Ulardan ba'zilari insoniy fazilatlarga ega edi, lekin umumiy taassurot shafqatsiz, qonxo'r, g'azablangan, ochko'z odamlar edi. Rudakovning so'zlariga ko'ra, ular aytgan so'zlar ham yassi va ahmoq edi. Ular sobiq sovet filmlarining tatar mo'g'ullari va ko'chmanchilar haqidagi eng yomon an'analari edi.
Dastlab, Jani Beg, Xon bo'lish arafasida, Mimes uning do'sti. Keyin ukasini sevadi va o'zini Xan deb e'lon qiladi. Keyinchalik uning onasi Taidula uni ushlab turilgan ruslarning ba'zilarini oziqlantirish uchun zarur bo'lgan narsalardan qutulish uchun ularni qisqartirishga undadi, aks holda ular "qayta ovqatlanadilar".
2. Mo'g'uliston
Mo'g'ulistonning davlati faqat 1930 yillarda Bolsheviklar Gobi sahrosida yashaydigan ko'chmanchilarga kelganida va ular o'zlarining buyuk mo'g'ullarning avlodlari ekanliklarini va ularning "hamyurtlari" Buyuk Imperiyani bir vaqtning o'zida yaratganlarini, faqat ular uchun juda hayratga tushgan va quvonganidan xabar topgan edi . "Mo'g'ul" so'zi yunoncha bo'lgan va "buyuk" degan ma'noni anglatadi. Yunonliklar bu so'zni ota-bobolarimiz - slavyanlar deb atashdi. Hech kimning nomiga hech qanday aloqasi yo'q (N.V. Levashov "Ko'rinuvchi va ko'rinmas genotsid"). 
Albatta, mo'g'ullar odamlarni egan edi; odamlar, albatta, odamlarga qaraganda ko'proq hayvonga ega edilar. Phillips, antropofagiya uchun hech kim mo'g'ullarni ayblamagani uchun, ular odamlarni muntazam ravishda ovqatlantirishi ehtimoldan uzoqdir. Ehtimol, Hanmohamadi va Phillips ta'kidlaganidek, bu ayblovlar, hech bo'lmaganda, klassik davrdan boshlab, har qanday joyda uchrashishimiz mumkin bo'lgan boshqa fe'l-atvorli tasvirlar bilan bir xil bo'lgan "barbar tepaliklarning" elementlari.
Shunisi e'tiborga loyiqki, mo'g'ul oziq-ovqat yozuvlari nasroniy missionerlari eng yaxshi va eng yaxshi etnografiya yaratgani sababli o'zgarib turadi. Mo'g'ullar davrida u qum kabi kichkina guruchdan tayyorlangan ichkilik ichadi. Ularning dalillari Sayid uchun qotil emas. Aksincha, ularga ko'ra, Said o'rgangan mustamlakachilik shartlari bu davrga va ushbu mintaqalar o'rtasidagi munosabatlarga aloqasi yo'q. Lotiniy nasroniylar Markaziy Osiyoni mustamlakaga yoki bosib ololmadilar.
3. "Tatar-mo'g'ullar" armiyasining tarkibi
Tatar-mo'g'ul qo'shinlarining 70-80 foizi rus, qolgan 20-30 foizi esa boshqa rusumdagi kichik xalqlardan edi. Bu fakt Radyonj Sergiusning "Kulikovo jangi" belgisi qismini aniq tasdiqlaydi. Ushbu jangchilar har ikki tomonda ham jang qilayotganligini ochiq ko'rsatib turibdi. Va bu urush xorijiy bosqinchi bilan urushdan ko'ra ko'proq ichki urushga o'xshaydi.
Buning o'rniga, xristian xristian yozuvchilari Hanmohamadi va Phillips mo'g'ul fathiga tegishli edi; Xitoy, madaniyat masalalari, badiiy mukammallik, o'z shaharlarining shon-sharafi va ayollarning qadr-qimmati bilan deyarli hamma narsani - ahmoqona - oziq-ovqatda deyarli hamma narsadan ustun deb o'ylashdi. Hanmohamadi va Phillipsdagi xristian sayohatchilaridan hech biri Urdga o'xshamaydi. Ehtimol, ajdaho xonimning o'g'li o'g'liga egalik qilgani uchun, ular Queen Tayduluni taqdim qilmagan bo'lar edi: o'rta asrlarda ayollarning nafratlanishi, ehtimol kamroq irqchi xususiyatlarga ega.
Belgining muzey tavsifi quyidagicha: "... 1680-yillarda. "Mamai Massacre" haqidagi chiroyli hikoya bilan savdogar savdosi qo'shildi. Kompozitsiyaning chap tomonida jangchilarni Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Rostov, Novgorod, Ryazan, Yaroslavl yaqinidagi Kurba qishlog'iga va boshqalarga Dmitriy Donskoyga yordam berish uchun yubordi. O'ngdagi Mamaiya lageridir. Kompozitsiyaning markazida Peresvet va Chelubey bilan Kulikovo jangining sahnasi bor. Pastki maydonda - g'olib chiqqan rus qo'shinlarining uchrashuvi, o'lik qahramonlarni dafn etish va Mamaiya o'limi ".
Bundan tashqari, hech kim o'z taomlari haqida juda ko'p o'ylamagan: hech kim nasroniylarning afsonaviy Brahmin kabi, faqat ildiz, yong'oq va suvda yeydiganini o'ylamagan. Shunga qaramay, filmda hali ham Hanmohamadi va Phillipsni tanqid qilishning urug'i bo'lishi mumkin. Film eng yaxshi O'rta asr etnografiyasining eng yomonini tanlaydi, chunki mo'g'ullarni yovuz, buzilmaslik, hayvonlarga nisbatan shafqatsiz va masihiylarga qaraganda ko'proq go'shtli qilib ko'rsatishadi, chunki ular kam ovqatlanadilar, lekin go'sht.
Biroq, bu rasm to'liq sharq emas. Birinchidan, masihchilar nimani his qilayotganini sivilizatsiyaning qonunsiz va shafqatsiz dushmani xavfi ostidadir. Boshqacha qilib aytganda, "G'arb" ning Sharqiy vaqt bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan G'arbning "Sharq" va hamma joylarda o'zining sobiq ustunligi uchun chanqoq bo'lgan va g'amgin bo'lgan va G'arb Sharqni nafaqat murosasiz, o'lik dushman. Qo'shin Chechenistonda o'qilishi kerak. Yoki, hech bo'lmaganda, bunday noqonuniy hukmdorlar nihoyat qulaganidan keyin Rossiyaga aylanadigan birorta anti-fond afsona sifatida.
Rossiya va Evropa manbalaridan olinadigan bu suratlar ruslarning mo'g'ul-tatarlar bilan to'qnashishini tasvirlaydi, ammo rusich kim va tatar kimligini aniqlash mumkin emas. Bundan tashqari, oxirgi paytda ham ruslar, ham "mo'g'ul-tatarlar" deyarli bir xil oltin zirhi va dubulg'alarda kiyingan va Hands tomonidan yaratilmagan Najotkorning tasviri bilan bir xil bannerlar ostida kurashgan. Yana bir narsa, ikki qarama-qarshi tomonning "qutqaruvchisi", ehtimol, boshqacha edi.
"G'arbliklar" Xanmohamadi va Phillipsning sharqshunosliklarini o'rganmaguncha, sharqshunoslikning boshqa tomoniga emas, balki kelajakka emas, balki o'sha davrning prehistiyasiga kelishi mumkin edi. Ehtimol, hozirgi vaqtda o'qigan hiyla, ehtimol, Saidga emas, balki qayta-qayta o'qib, tanqidiy ravishda, Metyu Parij va uning merosxo'rlariga, shuningdek, Gog va Magog va Fr.
Ogohlantirishlar: Ushbu esse talaba tomonidan taqdim etildi. Bu bizning professional insholar yozuvchilarimiz tomonidan yozilgan bir asar emas. Rossiyaning prensiplari rus va ko'chmanchi xalqlar o'rtasida to'qnashuvlar uzoq tarixga ega bo'lgan. Mo'g'ul imperiyasining o'zgarishi bilan knyazlar va ko'chmanchilar o'rtasida mavjud bo'lgan hujumlarning muvozanatiga putur etkazdi. Mo'g'ullar ko'chmanchilarning katta guruhlarini birlashtirib, butun Osiyoda keng ko'lamli qo'shinlar va imperiyani tashkil qilib, Kievning rus chegaralarini erkin tarzda egallashdi. Uch yil mobaynida Kiev qo'lga olindi va vayron bo'ldi, rus erlari fath etildi.
4. "Tatar-mo'g'ullar" nimaga o'xshash?
Legnitskiy zonasida o'ldirilgan Gurji II ning qabrining rasmiga e'tibor bering.
Bu yozuv quyidagicha: "1241 yil 9 aprelda Lignitsda tatarlar bilan jangda o'ldirilgan bu shahzoda Breslau qabrida Genri II, Sileziya, Krakow va Polshaning giganti bo'lgan tatar figürü." kiyim va qurol.
Buning o'rniga, rossiyalik hokimiyatlarda mo'g'ullar ruslar knyazlari o'lpon to'laydigan, vassal davlat sifatida harakat qiladigan suzerinti tizimini amalga oshirdi. Mo'g'ullarning Rossiyadagi qariyb ikki kantavriga nisbatan tutgan o'rni Rossiyaning rivojlanishiga ijobiy ta'sir ko'rsatdi va rus madaniyati va shaxsiga uzoq muddatli ta'sir ko'rsatdi.
Rossiyani Rossiyani o'z nazorati ostida egallagan holda, mo'g'ullar rus xalqidan talab qilgan harajatlarni yig'ish uchun ma'muriy tizimni joriy qilishlari kerak edi. Mo'g'ullar mavjud knyazlar tizimidan foydalanishga qaror qilishdi, chunki har bir shahzoda o'zlari boshqaradigan erdan soliq yig'dilar. Prinoslar mo'g'ul bosqinchilari bilan hamkorlik qilishga da'vat etildi, chunki ularga berilganlar ko'proq hokimiyat va hokimiyat ustidan hokimiyatni nazorat qilishdi. Moskva va Tver shaharlarining o'rtasida kuchli raqobat va kuchlar kurashlari, ayniqsa, eng ta'sirli rus prinsipiali va yorlig'i bo'lish uchun raqobatlashgan.
Keyingi rasmda - "Mo'g'ul imperiyasining poytaxtidagi Xonning saroyi, Xanbalik" (Xanbalik Pekin deb ataladi).
"Mongoliya" nima va bu erda "xitoy" nima? Shunga qaramay, Henri II maqbarasida bo'lgani kabi, biz ham aniq slavyan ko'rinishidagi odamlar bilan duch kelamiz. Rossiyalik kaftanslar, strelka qopqalari, xuddi shu keng soqollari, "elman" deb nomlanadigan bir xil xarakterli blade sabers. Chapdagi tom esa eski rus xonalari tomlarining deyarli nusxasi ... (A. Bushkov, "Rossiya yo'q, u erda yo'q").
Ushbu qaror Rossiyada hokimiyat balansiga hal qiluvchi ta'sir ko'rsatadi va uning rivojlanishi hali ham ochiq-oydin. Moskvadagi bosh soliqchilarning roli tufayli Moskva pravoslavlarning sun'iy etakchiligida ko'maklashdi. Moskvaning boyliklari ortib borayotganida "rus erlarini yig'ish" jarayoni boshlandi va u boshqa hokimiyatlarni sotib oldi va ularga ta'sir ko'rsatdi, bu ularga resurslardan soliqlar va, demak, ko'proq kuch olish imkonini berdi. Ushbu taraqqiyot davom etmoqda va XV asrga kelib Moskva hokimiyati Muskovitlar nazorati ostida bo'lgan ko'pchilikka kengayib bordi.
5. Genetik tekshirish
Genetika tadqiqotlari natijasida qo'lga kiritilgan so'nggi ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, tatar va ruslar juda o'xshash genetikaga ega. Genetika dan farq Genetika rus va tatar mo'g'ullar bo'lsa - juda katta, "(deyarli barcha Markaziy Osiyo) mo'g'ul xilma Rossiya genofondini (deyarli Evropa), albatta, buyuk bo'ladi - IT ikki xil olamlar o'xshaydi ..."
Endi Rossiya endi bo'lmadi va knyazlar va ularning knyazlari bilan raqobatlasha oladigan bo'ldi. Bu Rossiya taraqqiyoti uchun juda foydalidir, chunki knyazlar bir-birlari bilan jang qilganida, doimiy rivojlanish holatiga olib keldi, bu esa qimmatbaho resurslar va mehnatni rivojlantirishga to'sqinlik qiladi. Moskvaning yaqinidagi hokimiyatni mustahkamlash Rossiya rivojlanish va farovonlik uchun zarur bo'lgan nisbatan barqarorlikni yaratdi. Bundan tashqari, Moskva ustunligining ta'siri ancha uzoq edi, chunki Moskva bugungi kunda Rossiyaning poytaxti va yirik shahri bo'lib qolmoqda.
6. Tatar-mo'g'ul bo'yinturug'i davridagi hujjatlar
Tatar-mo'g'ul bo'yinturug'i davrida tatar yoki mugul tilida hech qanday hujjat saqlanmagan. Ammo rus tilida bu vaqtning ko'plab hujjatlari mavjud.
7. Tatar-mo'g'ul bo'yinturug'i gipotezasini qo'llab-quvvatlovchi ob'ektiv dalillar yo'qligi
Hozirgi vaqtda tatar-mo'g'ul bo'yinturug'i mavjudligini isbotlovchi biron bir tarixiy hujjatning asli yo'q. Ammo keyin bizni "Tatar-mo'g'ul bo'yinturug'i" deb nomlangan ixtiro borligiga ishontirish uchun ko'plab soxta narsalar mavjud. Mana bu soxta narsalardan biri. Ushbu matn "Rossiya erlarini yo'q qilish to'g'risidagi Kalom" deb ataladi va har bir nashrda "bizlarga noto'g'ri tushmagan she'riy ishlardan ..." Tatar-mugul istilosi to'g'risida ":"
"Oh, yorug'lik va chiroyli bezatilgan rus erlari! Ko'plab ko'ngillarda ulug'lanadi: siz ko'plab ko'llar, daryolar va tog'lar, tog'lar, baland eman o'rmonlari, toza joylar, ajoyib hayvonlar, turli qushlar, ko'plab buyuk shaharlar, ajoyib qishloqlar, monastirlar bog'lari, Xudoning ma'badi va obro'li knyazlar, boyar va sharafli ko'plab sayyohlar bilan mashhursiz. ko'pgina zodagonlar tomonidan. Barchangiz ruscha, rus pravoslav xristian imoni to'g'risida to'la! .. "
Ushbu matnda "Tatar-mo'g'ul bo'yinturug'i" haqida ham biror ma'lumot yo'q. Boshqa tomondan, ushbu "qadimiy" hujjatda shunday bir chiziq bor: "Siz hamma narsani, rus erlari bilan to'ldirasiz, ey nasroniy pravoslav imoni!"
17-asr o'rtalarida amalga oshirilgan Nikonning cherkov islohotidan oldin, Rossiyada nasroniylik "pravoslav" deb ataldi.
Bu islohotdan keyin faqat pravoslav bo'ldi ... Shunday qilib, ushbu hujjat 17 asrning o'rtalarida yozilgan va "tatar-mo'g'ul bo'yinturug'i" davri bilan hech qanday aloqasi bo'lmagan bo'lishi mumkin ...
1772 yildan oldin nashr etilgan va kelajakda tuzatilmagan barcha xaritalarda quyidagi rasmni ko'rishingiz mumkin.
Rossiyaning g'arbiy qismi Muskoviya yoki Moskva Tartari deb ataladi ... Rossiyaning bu kichik qismida Romanovlar sulolasi boshqargan. XVIII asr oxirigacha Moskva Tsariga Moskva Tartari hukmdori yoki Moskva knyazlari nomi berildi. O'sha davr Muskoviyaning sharq va janubida Evroosiyoning deyarli barcha qit'asini bosib olgan Rossiyaning qolgan qismi Tatariya yoki Rossiya imperiyasi deb ataladi (xaritaga qarang).
1771-yil ingliz entsiklopediyasining birinchi nashrida Rossiyaning ushbu qismi haqida quyidagilar yozilgan:
"Shimoliy va g'arbdagi Sibir bilan chegaradosh Shimoliy Osiyodagi ulkan mamlakat Tartariya, ya'ni Buyuk Tartariya. Muskoviy va Sibir janubidagi tatarlar Kaspiy dengizining shimoli-g'arbida yashaydigan Astraxan, Cherkasy va Dog'iston deb ataladi va Qalmiq tatar deb nomlangan va Sibir va Kaspiy dengizi o'rtasida joylashgan hududni egallaydi; Fors va Hindistonning shimolida yashaydigan o'zbekistonlik tatar va mo'g'ullar va nihoyat Xitoyning shimoli-g'arbida yashaydigan Tibetiy ... "
Tartaria nomi qaerdan paydo bo'ldi?
Ota-bobolarimiz tabiat qonunlarini va dunyodagi haqiqiy hayotni, hayotni, insonni bilar edi. Biroq, hozirgi paytda har bir insonning rivojlanish darajasi o'sha paytlarda bir xil emas edi. O'zining rivojlanishida boshqalardan uzoqqa ketgan va fazoni va moddani nazorat qila oladigan odamlar (ob-havoni nazorat qilish, kasalliklarni davolash, kelajakni ko'rish va boshqalar) Magi deb nomlangan. Sayyora darajasida va undan yuqoriroq joyni boshqarishni biladigan Magi, bu xudolar deb ataldi.
Ya'ni, Xudo so'zining mazmuni, bizning ota-bobolarimiz hozirgi holat emas edi. Xudolar odamlarning ko'pchiligiga qaraganda ko'proq rivojlanishgan. Oddiy odam uchun ularning qobiliyatlari aql bovar qilmaydigan tuyulardi, ammo xudolar ham odamlar edi va har bir xudoning imkoniyati cheklovlarga ega edi.
Ota-bobolarimizning xo'jayinlari bor edi - Xudo Tark, unga Dazdbog (Xudoni bag'ishlash) va uning opasi - Taqir Tara deb nomlangan. Bu xudolar ota-bobolarimiz o'zlarini hal qila olmaydigan bunday muammolarni hal qilishda odamlarga yordam berdi. Demak, xudolarimiz Tark va Tara ajdodlarimizga falokatdan qutulish va tsivilizatsiyani vaqt o'tgach tiklash uchun zarur bo'lgan uylarni qurish, erni o'stirish, yozuv yozish va boshqa ko'p narsalarni o'rgatdi.
Shu sababli, yaqinda, ota-bobolarimiz "Biz Tark va Tara farzandlarimiz ..." degan musofirlarga aytdi. Ularning aytishicha, ular taraqqiyotda ular taraqqiyotda sezilarli darajada rivojlanib ketgan Tarx va Tara bilan bog'liq bo'lgan bolalar edi. Boshqa mamlakatlarning aholisi ajdodlarimiz "Tarkhara", keyinchalik esa "Tort" so'zi bilan talaffuz qilinganligi sababli. Shuning uchun mamlakatning nomi - Tartariya ...
Rossiya suvga cho'mish
Mana, Rossiya suvga cho'mdirishmi? - ba'zilarini so'rashi mumkin. Ma'lum bo'lishicha, juda ko'p. Axir, suvga cho'mish tinch yo'l bilan amalga oshmadi ... Suvga cho'mishdan oldin, Rossiya odamlari o'qimishgan, deyarli har bir kishi o'qish, yozish, hisoblashni bilardi («Rossiya madaniyati Yevropadan kattaroq» maqolasini ko'ring).
Maktab o'quv dasturidan tarixda, hech bo'lmaganda, bir xil «Birchbark Letters» - qishloqlar bir qishloqdan boshqasiga qobiqda bir-birlariga yozgan maktublarini eslaylik.
Yuqorida aytib o'tilganidek, ota-bobolarimiz Vedik dunyoqarashiga ega edi, bu din emas edi. Har qanday dinning mohiyati hech qanday dogma va qoidalarni ko'r-ko'rona qabul qilish uchun keladi, shuning uchun nima uchun bunday qilish kerakligini chuqur tushunmasdan va boshqacha qilib aytganda. Vedic dunyoqarashi odamlarga aniq tabiat qonunlarini tushunish, bu dunyo qanday ishlaydi, nima yaxshi, nima yomon ekanini tushundi.
Odamlar, qo'shni mamlakatlarda "suvga cho'mish" dan keyin sodir bo'lgan voqeani ko'rdilar. Dinga ta'siri ostida, rivojlangan, rivojlangan, rivojlangan davlat, bir necha yil ichida, faqat aristokratlar vakillari o'qish va yozishga qodir bo'lgan jaholat va betartiblikka tushib qoldilar.
Har bir inson "yunon dini" nimani anglatishini yaxshi tushungan, bu shahzoda Vladimir Vladimirovich va uning orqasida turganlar Kiev Rusni suvga cho'mdirmoqchi edilar. Shu bois o'sha paytda Kiyevdagi knyazlar (Katta Tartarlardan ajralgan viloyat) aholisi bu dinni qabul qilmadi. Ammo Vladimirning orqasida katta kuchlar bor edi va ular orqaga chekinmas edi.
12 yillik zo'ravonlik xristianlashtirishga "suvga cho'mish" jarayonida deyarli butun Kiev Rusiyadagi aholisi noyob istisnolar bilan yo'q qilindi.
Bunday «ta'limot» faqat yoshligidan kelib chiqqan holda, bunday din ularni so'zning jismoniy va ma'naviy jihatdan qullariga aylantirganini tushunolmagan aql bovar qilmaydigan bolalarga qo'llanishi mumkin edi. Yangi "imon" ni qabul qilishdan bosh tortganlarning hammasi o'ldirildi. Bu bizga tushgan faktlar bilan tasdiqlangan. Agar Kiev Rusiyasida "suvga cho'mish" oldidan 300 shahar va 12 million aholiga ega bo'lgan bo'lsa, "suvga cho'mish" dan keyin faqatgina 30 shahar va 3 million kishi qolgan! 270 shahar vayron bo'ldi! 9 million kishi halok bo'ldi! (Diy Vladimir, "nasroniylikni qabul qilishdan oldin va keyin pravoslav Rossiya").
Biroq, Kiev Rusiyasining deyarli barcha kattalar aholisi "muqaddas" baptistlar tomonidan vayron qilinganiga qaramasdan, Vedik an'anasi yo'qolmadi. Kiev Ruslarining erlarida ikkiyuzlamachilik deb atalgan. Aholining aksariyati tanlangan din qullarini tan olgan va Vedic an'analariga muvofiq yashashni davom ettirgan, ammo buni oshkor qilmagan. Va bu hodisa nafaqat omma orasida, balki hukmron elita tarkibida ham kuzatilgan. Va bu holat barcha Patriarx Nikonni isloh qilishgacha davom etdi va u har kimni qanday aldashni o'ylab topdi.
Ammo Vedik Slavyan-Aryan imperiyasi (Katta Tartar) Kiev hukumati aholisining to'rtdan birini yo'q qilgan dushmanlarning hiyla-nayranglariga xotirjam qarashga qodir emas edi. Buyuk Tartariya armiyasi o'zining Uzoq Sharq chegaralarida nizolarga duchor bo'lganligi sababli, uning javobiga birdaniga aylanishi mumkin emas edi. Ammo Vedik davlatining bu jazo choralari amalga oshirildi va zamonaviy tarixga kirdi va bu buzuq shaklda, ya'ni Batu Xon orkestrining Kiev Ruslariga qarshi mo'g'ul-tatarlarning bosib olinishi deb ataldi.
Faqat 1223 yilning yozida, Vedik imperiyasi qo'shinlari Kalka daryosida paydo bo'ldi.
Polovtsiy va rus knyazlari qo'shinlari butunlay mag'lubiyatga uchradi. Shunday qilib, biz tarix darslariga tushib qoldik va hech kim, nima uchun rus knyazlari "dushmanlar" ni shu qadar jo'shqinlik bilan urishgan va hatto ularning ko'pchiligi ham "mo'g'ullar" tomonga o'tishganini hech kim tushuntira olmaydilar?
Bunday nopoklikning sababi, begona dinni qabul qilgan rus knyazlarining kim ekanligi va nima sababdan yaxshi bilganligi edi.
Shunday qilib, mo'g'ul-tatarlarning bosib olinishi va bo'yinturug'i yo'q edi, lekin metropolning qanoti ostida isyonkor provintsiyalarni qaytarib olish, davlat yaxlitligini tiklash edi. Xan Batu G'arbiy Yevropa davlatlarini Vedik imperiyasining qanoti ostida qaytarib berish va nasroniylarni Rossiyaga ishg'ol qilishni to'xtatish vazifasiga ega edi. Lekin ba'zi beklar kuchli qarshilik, Kievda Rusning ", va Uzoq Sharq chegarasida yanada tartibsizliklar yanada cheklangan, lekin juda katta kuch bekliklari bir ta'mga ega yakunlash uchun bu rejalarni olib kelish uchun ruxsat yo'q edi (" ko'zgu buzib Rossiya "NV Levashov, Volume 2).
Natijalar
suvga cho'mish uchun 12 million odamlar 3 million - Aslida, Kiev hukmronlik suvga cho'mib so'ng faqat bolalar va yunon dinini qabul kattalar aholining juda kichik qismini, omon qolgan. Hukumat butunlay vayron qilingan, shaharlarning aksariyati, qishloqlar va qishloqlar talon-taroj qilingan va yoqib yuborilgan. Lekin aynan shu rasm, biz "Tatar-mo'g'ul zulmidan" mualliflari versiyasini chizish, faqat farq shu shafqatsiz, harakat u erda da'vo "Tatar-mo'g'ul" amalga bo'lishidir!
Har doim bo'lgani kabi, g'olib ham hikoya qiladi. Va u ochiq-oydin ekanligini u Kiev hukmronlik suvga cho'mib, va barcha mumkin bo'lgan savollarni oldini olish maqsadida, va keyinchalik o'ylab edi bo'lgan shafqatsizligini yashirish uchun "Tatar-mo'g'ul bo'yinturug'ini." Bolalar yunon din an'analari bilan olib (Dionysos sig'inish va keyinchalik - nasroniylik) va shafqatsizlikni "yovvoyi ko'chmanchi» haqida yığılı hikoya, qayta yozgan ...
iBCHTP C.v.
uNING PFDBM HYUEOYLBN PF UMPCHBNY IN lPZDB m zHNYMECh BLPOYUYM RPUMEDOAA LOYZH "PF Thuy DP tPUUYY" :. "a CHBN OYYUEZP OE DPMTSEO VPMSHYE".
vA "FBFBTEYOSCH" OE VSHMPSHSH TUU.
r. UCHCHEIGLIK
ŒBPUPTOBBB JTPNXMMB m.o. - "oYLBLPZP FBFBTULPZP YZB OE VSCHMP" - OBDPMZP UFBMB NYYEOSHA, RP LPFPTPK HRTBTSOSMYUSH EZP NOPZPYUYUMEOOSCHE LTYFYLY. chPShNEN, L RTYNETH, PDYO DV OPNETPCH TSHTOBMB "tPDYOB" (NN 3-4) B 1997 no'xat, UREGYBMSHOP RPUCHSEEOOSCHK MEUH J Ufer B IX-XVI HH.
pfc ccccpc RPMFPTB UFPMEFYS ON chSchUPLPTBChYFBS GYCHYMYBGYS (DTECHOETHUULBS) VSCHMB PFVTPYEOB OBBD LPOPNYYUEULPN H, J RPMYFYYUEULPN LHMSHFHTOPN TBCHYFYY, RP LTBKOEK HETE. l 1241 Z. ON Thuy OBUFHRYM DENPZTBZHYYUEULYK URBD, OE UTBCHOYNSCHK OH Do LBLPK RYDENYEK YMY PRHUFPYYFEMSHOSCHN ZPMPDPN. OILBLPZP UYNVYPB NEZD MEUPNY UFERSHA OE VSCHMP. USHBU SHARTNOMA UHTBYOP TAShKILOTIGA TA'MINLANADI.
nPTsOP DPRPMOYFSH FPF URYUPL "UCHETSYI" CHSCHULBSCHCHBOYK GYFBFBNY DV "YFBFOSCHI IHMYFEMEK" mShChB oYLPMBEChYYuB - bRRPMPOB lHShNYOB YMY h yuYChYMYIYOB .. dHNBEFUS, YUFP "BPUFTEOOPUFSH" ZHNYMECHULPK ZHPTNHMSCH DBMB YNRHMSHU URPTB LCA, LCA CHPTBTSEOYK, B OBYUYF - LCA RPYULB YUFYOSCH. LBL CHUEZDB OPCHPE - H-FP LBLPK HETE IPTPYP BVSCHFPE UFBTPE. RPUEN, OBRTYNET, OILFP OE LIFEBHBBR p. NYMALPCHB, VTBCHYEZP H LBSCHULY FETNYO "FBFBTULPE EZP"? OBIPTSH MYYSH PDYO PFCHEF bilan: (! YNEOOP TPUUYKULPE, B THUULPE OE) TPUUYKULPE YDBOYE EZP "pYuETLPCh" CHSCHYMP MYYSH LBL dasturi RTYOSM HDBT ON UEVS, 1993 Z. HTSE RPUME UNETFY MO, RPUME FPZP ×. rTYOSM J OBUMBTSDBMUS PVUFBOPCHLPK "AMS", LBL R ™ £ ENH rty FPN OE RETERBDBMP.
rpume unti f. ECE TB RTPCHHYUBMY B HYUEVOYLE LCA 9-11 LMBUUPCH ning EZP TELYE UMPCHB :. "Oh U LBLPN NPOZPMSHULPN BCHPECHBOYY Thuy Q OE VSCHMP TEYUY zBTOYPOPCh NPOZPMSCH OE PUFBCHYMY, PLPOYUBOYEN RPIPDB vBFSchK HYEM ON chPMZH yilda UCHPEK RPUFPSOOPK CHMBUFY TH OE DHNBMY HUFBOBCHMYCHBFSH, zde PUOPCHBM UCHPA. UFBL-U
rTPVMENSch YZB OEPFDEMYNSCH PF SLPVSCH NOPZPCHELPCHPZP RTPFYCHPUFPSOYS MEUB J Ufer. JN RPUCHSEEEB UBNBS LBRJEFBMSHOBS pe CHUEN GYLME YPPPCHBS TBVPFB m. - ECE rty TSYOY BCHFPTB ning "dTEChOSS tHUSh J chEMYLBS UFERSH" CHSCHYEDYBS 1989 ZPDH ×. rTPFYChPUFPSOYE "Mey - uFERSh" OBIPDYMP RBTBMMEMY B FTBDYGYPOOSCHI "UCHSLBI LPOFTBUFPCH":
PUEDMSCHE - LPYUECHOYLY, ENMEDEMSHGSCH - ULPFPCHPDSCH, UMBCHSOE - FATL, ECHTPREKGSCH - BYBFSCH, BRBD - chPUFPL. tHUSh J UFERSH DP OBYEUFCHYS J tHUSh B ZPDSCH "YZB" - DCHB FEUOP UCHSBOOSCHI, OP Chueh-FBLY TBOSCHI RETYPDB. TBUUNPFTYN YI LPTPFLP.
11. 1. UFPTYFPTYLPCH. typdymbush my yuyoB?
eUFSH NOPZP BBSHBLP RTPYMPZP; OBRTYET, RPYuHH XII-XIII HH. rpcchelbf oEHTsEMY OBOYS THUULYI ZEPZTBZHPCH XIII-qism B HNEOSHYYMYUSH YMY BVSCHMY Sing, PV FYI "TSDPCHSCHI" UPVSCHFYSI OEDBCHOEZP RTPYMPZP?
lBL BNEYUBM st, Ch Ch XII "VSCHCHYBS UFEROBS PLTBYOB lYEChULPK Thuy RTECHTBFYMBUSH UOBYUBMB CH" Enma OEOBENH "RPFPN CH" vPMShYPK MGts "Q, OBLPOEG, CH" dYLPE RPME ". H RPUMEDOEN OBCHBOYY HTSE SCHUFCHEOEO MENEOF CHTBTSDEVOPUFY. FSOHMBUSh MJ DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP fB CHTBTSDB YUHFSH MJ DE UFPMEFYSNY, J EUMY "DB", OP FPMSHLP MJ CHTBTSDB?
am Ufer DPNYOYTPCHBMY RPMPCHGSCH J, OBYUYF, B RETCHPN RTYVMYTSEOYY RTPVMENB UCHPDYFUS A CHSCHSUOEOYA CHBYNPPFOPYEOYK THUULYI Oýny bor. THUULYE YUFPTILE XIX (B YUFUYUPOP XX) CC. PPCHBMY PDPOPOBYUOSCHK PPFEF. "TSchGBTUFChEOOBS tHUSh J FTECHPTSOBS OEDPVTBS UFERSH - tSchVBLPCh yilda RYYEF - TBMYCHYBSUS VEVTETSOSCHN NPTEN PF chPMZY DP dHOBS ... uFERSh RPMOB FPRPFB J TTSBOYS LPOULYI FBVHOPCH, DSCHNB UFBOPCHYE, ULTYRB FEMEZ ;. TSCHEHF CHPMLY, LTHTSBFUS HBS RPMEN IYEOSCHE RFYGSCH , FHF I FBN YDHF OIEUNEFOCHE CHPKULB RPMPCHEGLIYI IOPHP, TURHZYCHBS BOFIMPR I FHTPCH. dHIBNY MB UNETFY TH, TH EPC OEUYUBUFYK OBRPMOSEF UFERSH ZHBOFBYS RPFB ... UPFOY CHETUF CHDPMSH THUULPK ZTBOYGSCH TBULYOHMPUSH OEPVYASFOPE UFEROPE NPTE, ETSEZPDOP, ETSEDOECHOP HZTPTSBCHYEE HTBZBOBNY YFPTNBNY CHPYOUFCHEOOSCHI TH TH IYEOSCHI RPMPCHEGLYI PDD "(RPDYUETLOHFP Nopal - dengiz darajasida) haqida. lTBUYChP OB HVEYDAYSHOP MY?
x BLBDENILB v. tSchVBLPChB VSCHMP NOPZP YNEOYFSCHI RTEDYEUFCHEOOYLPCH - LMBUUYLPCH THUULPK YUFPTYYUEULPK OBHLY. yi PTEOLY RTBLFYUYY DEPOZIT. zHNYMECh RYUBM, YUFP DPTECHPMAGYPOOBS THUULBS YUFPTYPZTBZHYS PF h. haqida. FBFEEHB D.P. h. rMEIBOPChB, B TEDLYNY YULMAYUEOYSNY, TEYBMB RTPVMENH THUULP-RPMPCHEGLPZP LPOFBLFB EDYOPPVTBOP.
fBFYEECh UYUYFBM, YUFP "RPMPCHGSCH J REYUEOEZY ... THUULYN RTEDEMBN OBVEZBNY, RMEOS J ZTBVS, CHEMYLYE CHTEDSCH OBOPUYMY"; haqida lBTBNYO: RPMPCHGSCH - "OEHFPNYNSCHE MPDEY", "NYT FBLYNY CHBTCHBTBNY neftni qayta ishlash zavodi VSCHFSH FPMSHLP PRBUOSCHN RETENYTYEN bor"; haqida h HUFTSPCH: RPMPCHGSCH - "MAFSCHE MPD"; y n uPMPChShECh "tHUSh ... DPMTSOB VSCHMB CHEUFY VPTSHVH TSYFEMSNY UFEREK bor"; haqida y. lPUFPNBTPCh: RPMPCHGSCH - "RPMYUYEB UFEROSCHI LPYUHAEYI OBTPDPCH ... TSBDOSCHI A ZTBVETSH YUFTEVMEOYA J"; haqida b. tPTsLPCh: RPMPCHGSCH - "OBYVPMSHYBS PRBUOPUFSH LCA DTECHOETHUULPZP ZPUHDBTUFCHB".
uAB TSE, L "FTBDYGYPOBMYUFBN", mil PFOEU I r. haqida NYMALPCHB, PFOEU OBRTBUOP, OP OY CHYOPCHEO CH Pyvle; TPUUYKULPE YDBOYE "pYuETLPCh" CHSCHYMP, LBL HTSE ZPCHPTYMPUSH, RPUME UNETFY m. ZHNYMEChB. NEEDSH DRIER p. haqida nYMALPCh VSCHM UPCHUEN OE FTBDYGYPOEO: UYUYFBM, YUFP UCHPEPVTBOSCH VSCHMY PFOPYEOYS ON "ZTBOYGE MEUPUFERY ON FENY LPYUECHOYLBNY, LPFPTSCHI THUULYE LOSSHS OBYUYOBAF, B RTPFYCHPRPMPTSOPUFSH bor" DYLYN RPMPCHGBN "OBSCHCHBFSH" OBY RPZBOSCHE "," OBDPVOSCHE Thuy "rPOTBChYMPUSh R ™ £ FP zHNYMEChH OP.! LPF MYYSH SNGYY, B OEPVIPDYNSHCH DPLBBBFEMSHUFBB "OE-CTBTSDSCH".
rP Nuh r. nYMALPChB, RPMPCHGSCH - RPUMEDOYE UFEROSCHE RTYYEMSHGSCH, VSCHMY J PUFBMYUSH YUYUFSCHNY LPYUECHOYLBNY, CHUSLPK RTYNEUY ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOSCHI GEMEK VE. ABU NGNOZRE ppcn FYRYUOP "ECHTBYKULPE" PYASYUOEOE! dPVBChYN, "NEUFPTBCHYFYE" p ON YUFP I-II FPNB "pYuETLPCh" nYMALPChB PUOPCHBOSCH RPOSFYY. uBChYGLPZP, YUFP, RTBCHDB, OE NEYBMP ENH PBN CE LTYFYLPCHBFSH ECHTBYKGECH.
m TEBYMYFYTPHBBM RPMPCHGECH EEE RPDTPVOE va LBRIYFBMSHOEE.
pP-RETSHCHI, YUUMP THUULYI H XII H. DPUFEYZBMP 5.5 NMO. YUEM. B RPMPCHGECH - OEULPMSHLP UPF FSCHUSYU (CHURPNOYN "OEUNEFOSCHE CHPKULB" X tSchVBLPChB!).
pE-CHFPTSHI, X XI - XII HH. VSHMPP vmshye tkhuuligi rpiPPP haqida uEchet, Yuen UFPMLOCHCHEYAK AZE haqida.
fTEFSHYI h, h. RBYHFP RPDUYUYFBM, YUFP, OEUNPFTS ON TPOSH THUULYI LOSEK, RPMPCHEGLYE OBVEZY LPUOHMYUSH MYYSH 1/15 FETTYFPTYY dTEChOEK Thuy, FPZDB LBL THUULYE RPIPDSCH DPUFYZBMY dPOB J dHOBS, RTYCHPDS RPMPCHEGLYE UFBOPCHYEB A RPLPTOPUFY.
h YUEFCHETFSCHI, UPZMBUOP mBChTEOFShEChULPK MEFPRYUY RPMHYUBEFUS, YUFP B 180 MEF (PO 1055-1236.) tHUSh sil 12 RPMPCHGSCH OBRBDBMY, RPMPCHGECH ON TB CE J UFPMSHLP THUULYE; UPCHNEUFOSCHI THUULP-RPMPCHEGLYI PRETBGYK B NETSDPHUPVOSCHI CHPKOBI VSCHMP FTYDGBFSH.
h RSFSCHI, chMBDYNYT nPOPNBI RYUBM, YUFP BLMAYUYM RPMPCHGBNY "19 NYTPCH" bor; tHUSh LCA TBZTPNB rPMPGLPZP LOSTSEUFCHB ON RETCHSCHK RTYCHEM RPMPCHEGLHA TBFSH IN.
h YEUFSCHI, Ch Ch XII TEDLBS HUPVYGB PVIPDYMBUSH "RPZBOSCHI" RPNPESH ON FPZP, YUFPVSCH FPF YMY YOPK LOSSH OE RTYZMBYBM A UEVE VE.
"UMEDPChBFEMShOP, RPMPCHGSCH J THUULYE - TEANYTPCHBM MO - HTSE UPUFBCHMSMY EDYOHA FOP-UPGYBMSHOHA UYUFENH".
cHYDYNP, JOBUY va OE NPZMP VSPHFSH. pZTPNOSchK TEZYPO, CHLMAYUBAEYK dTEChOAA tHUSh J chEMYLHA UFERSH, OE VSCHM TBTEBO LBLPK-OP TSEUFLPK RTYTPDOPK ZTBOYGEK; Meu RMBCHOP RETEIPDYM H MEUPUFERSH va BBFEN H UFERSH; POBMSHOSCHE MBODYBZHFSCH UPYUEFBMYUSH BPOBMSHOSCHNY, B OBYUYF DPMTSOB VSCHMB UZHPTNYTPCHBFSHUS OELBS GEMPUFOBS IPSKUFCHEOOBS UYUFENB bor. fPZDB VPMEE IBTBLFETOSCHNY J OPTNBMSHOSCHNY SCHMSAFUS OE CHPKOSCH OBVEZY J, B YOFEOUYCHOSCHK FPCHBTPPVNEO NETSDH mEUPN J uFERShA. LPOLPNILB, LBL CHUESDB, PRTEDEMSMB RPMYFYLH. EH UCHP PYUTETSH PRTEDEMSMY CHPNPTSOPUFY FBLPZP FPCHBTPPVNEOB.
zTBOYGB OE VSCHMB OH TSEUFLYN RTYTPDOSCHN THVETSPN, OH FOYYUEULYN CHPDPTBDEMPN. OE UMXyuBKOP DBTsE Ch XIV-XVI ChCh. UPITBOYMYUSH FBLYE RPMYFOYYUOSCHE (Q CHNEUFE fen mashinasi - "NYLTP-RPMYFYYUEULYE") ZTBOYGE mEUB J Ufer, LBL eMEGLPE LOSTSEUFCHP, "sZPMDBEChB FSHNB" LOSTSEUFCHP zMYOULYI (RPFPNLPCH nBNBS) PRTPCHETZBCHYYE LPOGERGYA "YCHEYUOPZP BOFBZPOYNB" ON PVTBPCHBOYS. OBUFPSEBS VEDB YMB OB TKHUSH OE U CHPUFPLB, B U UBRBDB. OE DOB VEDB, B NOPZP VED.
11. PLLHRBGJS YMY UYNVYP
pMPFBS pTDB VSCHMB YULHUUFCHEOOSCHN J OERTPYUOSCHN ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOSCHN PVYAEDYOEOYEN. rabume,
vPMSHYBS UPCHEFULBS FIILMPREDYS
fYRYYuOSchK DCHPKOPK UYUEF, RTYOSFSCHK ON BRBDE rty PGEOLE BRBDB chPUFPLB TH, TH OE NYOPCHBM OCU; VPEI FPZP, DPNYUTPHBBM, FP YUHCHUFCHEFEF TUEKUU. nPOZPMShULYE CHPKULB CHFPTZMYUSH B RTEDEMSCH Thuy B 1237 C, Q A LPOGH 1240 Z. PDETTSBCH RPVEDSCH PE NOPZYI UTBTSEOYSI, RPDYUYOYMY UEVE YUHFSH MJ DE Chua UFTBOH. KPPZPTPD, RP PGEOLET. IBTB-dBCHBOB, URBUMB MYSH BIZNING YUKLAMALARI YO'Q VEDPTPTSSHE. fHF OEYUENH HDYCHMSFSHUS, YVP DP FPZP (RTBCHDB, OE FTY B, B, B DCHBDGBFSH YEUFSH MEF) YNY VSCHM RPLPTEO RPYUFY CHEUSH bYBFULYK LPOFYOEOF, tHUSh PVTHYYMBUSH LPOGEOFTYTPCHBOOBS NPESH Chueca bYY ON B OBYUYF.
fPNH RTEDYEUFCHPCHBMP RBZHVOPE YNEOEOYE Chueca ZEPRPMYFYYUEULPK PVUFBOPCHLY, TELPE HIHDYEOYE RPMPTSEOYS Thuy B FPZDBYOEN NYTE - J H "DBMSHOEN" Q H "VMYTSOEN BTHVETSSHY" RMAU HFETS LPPTDYOBGYY CHOHFTY UBNPK Thuy. m. CHP "CHETEYUGEK VED" ning maqsadi. zTPOBS vedb OBDCHYZBMBUSH BRBDB bor: OBYUBMPUSH BCHPECHBOYE rTYVBMFYLY OENGBNY; VSHMB PUOPCHBOB tYZB; H 1201 Z. HÜTECDEO PTDEO NEUEOPUGECH; tEChEMSh, PUOPCHBOOSCHK DBFYUBOBNY uEChETP-BRBDOHA tHUSh ON 1219 Z. UFBM VBPK OBUFHRMEOYS ×. oENGSch CHSMY PUOPCHBOOSCHK THUULYNY aTShECh TH OE RPEBDYMY PBN OH PDOPZP THUULPZP. F FPA ch de DE DE DE
h 1204 Z. BSR lPOUFBOFYOPRPMSh, BICHBYUEOOSCHK ZHTBOGHULP-YFBMSHSOULYNY LTEUFPOPUGBNY - CHTBZBNY RTBCHPUMBCHYS. "THUSh RETEUFBMB VSCHFSH - ning RYUBM m - .. YUBUFSHA ZTBODYPOPK NYTPCHPK UYUFENSCH, B PLBBMBUSH YPMSGYY Vt, W PICHBYUEOOBS LMEEY DCHHNS LTEUFPOPUOSCHNY CHPYOUFCHBNY". rty FPN eChTPRB B OBYUBME XIII-qism RTPYMB NEOEE 1/3 OPTNBMSHOPZP GYLMB FOPUB; UNING "TBURYTBMB" RBUUYPOBTOPUFSH, B UMBCHSOULYE LOSSHS CHPECHBMY DTHZ DTHZPN, OE BNEYUBS, LBL FBEF FETTYFPTYS Thuy bor. zBMYYuYOB, ATP-BRBDE UNING RETEDOYN LTBEN, VSCHMB TBDEMEOB RPMSLBNY J CHEOZTBNY VSCHCHYBS. THUSH OBIPDYMBUSH H UFBDY PULKHTBGYY.
uFBODBTFOPE PVYASUOEOYE THUULYI RPTBTSEOYK - "ZHEPDBMSHOBS TBDTPVMEOOPUFSH Thuy." m UYUFBM YOOBYUE; CHYDEM PUOPCHOHA RTYYUYOH B URBD RBUUYPOBTOPZP OBRTSTSEOYS, B UFBTEOYY FOYYUEULPK UYUFENSCH IN.
nPozpmshulpe obyefchiye (1237-1240 zz.) m.o. OBSCHCHBEF VEDPK DECHFSFP. zhBLFSch IPTPYP YCHEUFOSCH: vBFSchK TBZTPNYM tSBOULPE LOSTSEUFCHP, PE chMBDYNYTULPN CHSM 14 ZPTPDPCH, BCHPECHBM fPTTsPL J "MPK ZPTPD" lPEMShUL; BBFEN RBM SOUTPART, BH 1240 Z. - LEK. dBMSHYVSHM TEKD CHOZTYYa haqida rPSMYCHYh. pty lppn m.o. LBFEZPTYYUEULY PFCHETZBM NYZH P "URBUEOYY eChTPRSch" YYTPLP TBURTPUFTBOEOOSCHK (ECE. RHYLYO VSCHM dh "BTBTSEO" b) DBCHOYI CHTENEO bor. AP PFNEUBM "PFUHFUFCHYE VMBZPDBTOPUFYU" X fBBDB; CHNEUFP OEE VSCHMP VMBZPUMPCHEOYE LTEUFPCHPZP RPIPDB RTPFYCH RTBCHPUMBCHOSCHI.
m OBSCHCHBM "YZP" UYNVYPPN THUULYI FBFBT TH, TH FP CHSCHSCHCHBMP CHPNHEEOYE X LTYFYLPCH. OP RPUFBCHYN CHPRTPU YOBYUE: SAT LBL OBSCHCHBFSH FPF RETYPD, B VSCHM MJ YOPK CHSCHIPD? zEPRPMYFYYuEULBS LBTFYOB NYTB B OBYUBME XIII-qism VSCHMB PFYUEFMYCHP VYRPMSTOPK. zPURPDUFChPChBMY DCHE NPEOSCHE UYUFENSCH: CHPUFPLE ON BRBDE J nPOZPMShULYK HMHU ning FEPLTBFYS RBRSCH yPBOOB IV. LBLBS-MYVP UTBCHOYNBS U OYNY "FTEFSHS UYMB" PFUXFUFCHPCHBMB. CHYBORNE 8 "RPMHZPUHDBTUFCH" -LOSTSEUFCH OF A tHUSh FPNH CE VSCHMB TBDTPVMEOB, CHTBTSDPCHBCHYYI DTHZ DTHZPN bor.
m OBSCHCHBM mYFChH J chEMYLPTPUUYA FEI MEF NBMSCHNY FOPUBNY, BTSBFSCHNY NETSDH DCHHNS NPZHYUYNY UYUFENBNY. zde CE YULBFSH CHSCHIPD dv FHRYLPCHPK, LBBMPUSH R ™ £, UYFHBGYY: YUFP IHTSE, YUFP ZYVEMSHOP LCA Thuy, YBOU CHSCHTSYCHBOYE J CHPTPTSDEOYE OF B YUFP DBUF IPFSH LBLPK-OP? FBLPK OEMEZLIK ChPRPPU UFPSM REKLAMASIDAN BMELOBODTN ONECHULINE. "THUULYE - CHTBZY LBFPMYYUEULPK GETLCHY" - ZPCHPTYMPUSH B RBRULPK VHMME YCHEDULPNH BTIYERYULPRH. uEChETP-chPUFPYuOHA tHUSh ON yNEOOP B rTYVBMFYLE RTPIPDYM RETEDOYK LTBK OBUFHRMEOYS.
fPAHU BRBDOSchK YUFPTYL dTsPO zhEOOEM IPMPDOP BNEFYM, YUFP OBIPDYFSHUS B CHBUUBMSHOPK BCHYUYNPUFY PF PMPFPK PTDSCH VSCHMP RPPTOP J VEUUNSCHUMEOOP. DV FERMPZP J HAFOPZP LBVYOEFB B mPODPOE YMY lENVTYDTsE MEZLP VSCHMP NPTBMYYTPCHBFSH, MEDSOPN CHEFTH X yuHDULPZP PETB B RPIH, LPZDB Chueh TEYBMPUSH UYMPK, Losa, LPFPTPZP OE TB RTEDBCHBM EZP TPDOPK ZPTPD, YUEMPCHELH, TPDOPK VTBF LPFPTPZP VSCHM FYRYYUOSCHN ON LHDB FTHDOEE VSCHMP RTYOYNBFSH TEYEOYE " GBRBDOYLPN ".
dV LTHROSCHI THUULYI YUFPTYLPCH, DBTSE PGEOYCHBCHYYI OBYEUFCHYE LBL "YZP" OYLFP OE VTPUYM LBNEOSH B OPCHZPTPDULPZP nosoz. h chETOBDULYK RYUBM "vHDHYuY HVETSDEO, YUFP tHUSh OE NPTSEF RTPFYCHPUFPSFSH PDOPCHTENEOOP OBFYULH OENGECH J NPOZPMPCH, bMELUBODT RTYOSM FCHETDSCHK RPMYFYYUEULYK LHTU ON IBOULPE RPLTPCHYFEMSHUFCHP; OYLPZDB OE PFIPDYM PF FPZP IN, J EZP OBUMEDOYLY RTPDPMTSBMY CHEUFY FBLHA CE RPMYFYLH B FEYUEOYE RPYUFY UFPMEFYS ..." . rty FPN YUFPTYL, TBMYYUBS FBRSCH OBYEUFCHYS, PFNEYUBM, YUFP RPMYFYLB fYNHTB "UDEMBMB NPOZPMSHULHA CHMBUFSH LCA THUULYI VPMEE RTYENMENPK. e. yNHTMP, PDOPOBYUOP RTYOYNBCHYYK LPOGERGYA" YZB "UYUYFBM, YUFP LOSSH bMELUBODT RTYMBZBM OECHETPSFOSCHE HUYMYS" CHCHEUFY TBUIMEUFBCHYEEUS FBFBTULPE NPTE B DPMTSOSCHE ZTBOYGSCH, RTYNYTYFSH CHPNHEEOOPE YUHCHUFCHP THUULYI MADEK "OEYVETSOPUFSHA YZB bor.
dMC m.o. BEMULADE BODY - STYBKYYK RTYNET RBUOPOBTYS. Dasturiy ta'minot - NBUFET NBOECHTEOOPK CHPKOSCH BY OBYVPMEE RPUMEDPCHBFEMSHOSCHK VPTEG B tHUSh, BEYFOYL UHRETFOPUB J EZP LHMSHFHTSCH PF TSEMEOPZP OBFYULB LBFPMYYUEULPK eChTPRSch YMY, YUFP SCDEP cp CE, PF LPMPOYBMSHOPZP RPTBVP-EEOYS. rPFPNH IN PFLBSCHCHBEFUS PF MAVPZP LHMSHFHTOPZP PVNEOB BRBDPN, DBTSE PF DPCHPMEOYS TEMYZYPOSCHI DYURHFPCH bor. NPOZPMBNY ENH HDBMPUSH PUFBOPCHYFSH LTEUFPOPUOSCHK OBFYUL bor uPAPN. rpfpc htp RTPFYCHPUFPYF OE FPMSHLP UCHPENH ZPTPDH-TEURHVMYLE, NOPZP sil RTEDBCHBCHYENH EZP, dasturiy ta'minot RTPFYCHPUFPYF FOPUH, OBIPDSEENHUS, UPZMBUOP miloddan h FPK VPTSHVE, "B NBTBNE" W RPMOPK OEURPUPVOPUFY A PFTBTSEOYA CHOEYOEK HZTPSCH ... DEUSh
m SCHOP RETEZYVBM B HZPDH UCHPEK LPOGERGYY, OP DE FBL HC UYMSHOP. oE FBL UIMShOP, IVP PYuESh PUPPPPTPTsOchk Ch PGEOLBI h. e. zTHNN-zTTsYNBKMP FPTSE PFNEYUBM, YUFP "LOSSHS OE YURSCHFSCHCHBMY ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOPZP TH, TH OBGYPOBMSHOPZP UFTENMEOYS EDYOUFCHH L".
chBTsOEE CHUEZP LCA OCU Chueh-FBLY OE PGEOLY YUFPTYLPCH XIX XX YMY CHELB, J DBTSE OE ZHNYMECHULPE RTYOBOYE CHUEI BUMHZ nosoz bMELUBODTB J EZP VEHUMPCHOPK RBUUYPOBTOPUFY. zPTBDP YOFETEUOEE J CHEUPNEE PGEOLB bMELUBODTB oEChULPZP B VPMEE VMYLPE A OENH CHTENS. oEUNPFTS ON AF ON YUFP VSCHM LBOPOYYTPCHBO MYYSH × 1547 Z. RPYUYFBOYE EZP LBL UCHSFPZP OBYUBMPUSH UTBH CE RPUME LPOYUYOSCH: PFLTSCHFYE NPEEK bMELUBODTB oEChULPZP RTPYPYMP Reted lHMYLPChULPK VYFCHPK, LPZDB "VSIH Chuy MADYE B UFTBUE CHEMYGE HFEUOSENY".
chSchVPT RHFY UFPSM OE FPMSHLP Reted bMELUBODTPN, OP J Reted LBTSDSCHN THUULYN YUEMPCHELPN. oEPVIPDYNP VSCHMP CHSCHVTBFSH FH LHMSHFHTH, ENH VPMSHYE RPDIPDYMB LPFPTBS: BRBDOHA, LBFPMYYUEULHA, YMY CHPUFPYUOHA, RTBCHPUMBCHOHA. chEDHEBS TPMSH FHF, UPZMBUOP MO, RTYOBDMETSBMB OE DPZNBFYLE, B NYTPPEHEEOYSN, "UYNRBFYYUOSCHN DTHZ DTHZH". ÄDEUSH "UTBVBFSChBBMB" FBLBS FBYOUFCHEOBS UYMB, LPPPTHA m.o. OBCHBM LPNRMYNEOFBTOPUFSHA, "UTBVBFSCHCHBMB" EUFEUFCHEOOP, B RPMSHH "UCHPEZP" UHRETFOPUB. du OBYEUFCHYS "UCHPY" - FP ZTELY, VPMZBTSCH, RPMPCHGSCH, OP LBFPMYLY OE, OE NHUHMSHNBOE. "VPMSHYPK OBVEZ" - uPZMBUOP MO, BRBDOPK UFPTPOSCH ZTPYMB RPDMYOOBS PLLHRBGYS, B Y DTHZPK bor.
rty Chueca OEPVSCHYUOPUFY J HUMPCHOPUFY ZHNYMECHULPZP PRTEDEMEOYS - "VPMSHYPK OBVEZ" pop Chueh CE VMYTSE A YUFYOE, Yuen "PLLHRBGYS" YMY "RPTBVPEEOYE" IPMF R ™ £ RPFPNH, Thuy OF YUFP TH, OH H rPMShYE YMY chEOZTYY NPOZPMSCH OE PUFBCHMSMY RPUFPSOOSCHI ZBTOYPOPCH. dB Q OE NPZMY Sing UDEMBFSH FP, RP YVP TEBMSHOSCHN PGEOLBN YUYUMEOOPUFSH NPOZPMSHULPK BTNYY VSCHMB zde OP-30 NETSDH FSCHUSYUBNY (Ey. chEUEMPChULYK) 120-140 FSCHUSYUBNY Q (h. lBTZBMPCh). rty FPN RPUMEDOYE GYZHTSCH, CHETPSFOP, BCHSCHYEOSCH HTSE RPFPNH, YUFP B FPN UMHYUBE OHTSOP VSCHMP YNEFSH LPOOYGH RTYNETOP 500 FSCHUSYU ZPMPCH, B zde CHSFSH LPTN, PUPVEOOP YNPK ×? F B B VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV uMPChB DTECHOYI BCHFPTPCH P 300-400 FSCHUSYUOPK BTNYY CHPPVEE ZHBOFBUFYYUOSCH, F. L. FP VPMSHYE CHUEZP NHTSULPZP OBUEMEOYS FPZDBYOEK nPOZPMYY.
uPFOY ZBTOYPOPCH ON ECE nPZMB MJ DBTSE 30-60-80-FSCHUSYUOBS BTNYS VSCHFSH TBDTPVMEOB? rPUME RPVED vBFSchS, EZP DPMA RTYIPDYMPUSH CHUEZP 2 FSCHUSYUY "OBUFPSEYI" CHPYOPCH, B Y PRPMYUEOYEN (Fe PFYUBUFY "PVUMHZPK") haqida HTSE LBL ZMBCHSCH PMPFPK PTDSCH - 25 FSCHUSYU. nPoZPMPCH PZTBOYUYUHBMP LFP UFPPFYOYE UYM; YY FERNER
lPNRMYNEOFBTOPUFSh "UTBVBFSCHCHBMB" HTSE RPFPNH, YUFP OBYUBMB bor "PLLHRBGYY" DP RTYOSFYS pTDPK YUMBNB, LBL ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOPK TEMYZYY (1312 C) RTPYMP VPMEE RPMHCHELB. rETChSchK NHUHMSHNBOYO DV RTBCHYFEMEK pTDSch - Willow (VTBF vBFSchS) 1240 × C TBTEYYM HYUTEDYFSH UBNPN uBTBE RTBCHPUMBCHOHA ERYULPRYA ×. yUMBN OTBCHYMUS PFOADSH OE Chuen FBFBTBN, J FPZDB Sing YMY B THUULYE LOSTSEUFCHB J PUEDBMY PBN RTPYUIPDYMB NEFYUBGYS. "FBL RPSCHYMYUSH ON Thuy - RYYEF MO - bLUBLPCh, bMSVShECh, yuBBDBECh, yBIPChULPK, yETENEFShECh, aUHRPCh". h RPMOPN URYULE, CHLMAYUBCHYEN 65 ZHBNYMYK, EUFSH, LUFBFY ULBBFSH, J ZHBNYMYY OEULPMSHLYI YUFPTYLPCH J ZHYMPUPZHPCH-LMBUUYLPCH, RP-TBOPNH PGEOYCHBCHYYI "YZP": lBTBNYO, nYMALPCh, fBFYEECh, yuBBDBECh. h FPN CE URYULE RTYUHFUFCHHAF bINBFPChSch, OP, LBL YCHEUFOP, ZHBNYMYS bb VSHMB DTHZBS.
lPNRMYNEOFBTOPUFSh CE TYNULP-ZETNBOULPZP UHRETFOPUB CHPUFPYUOSCHNY UPUEDSNY VSCHMB PFTYGBFEMSHOPK bor. nPOZPMSch RTYOYNBMY RTBCHPUMBCHYE, YUMBN YMY VHDDYN, OP DE LBFPMYYUEULHA TEMYZYA. FP VSCHM OE RPYUL CHSCHZPDSCH, B UYNRBFYS, METSBEBS B UZHETE RPDUPOBFEMSHOPZP, RTYTPDOPZP. lPNRMYNEOFBTOPUFSh THUULYI NPOZPMPCH RPDDETTSYCHBMBUSH TH TH CHETPFETRYNPUFSHA "PLLHRBOFPCH". YUZYZA OPC, FBL UHB FFY NOPZPYUYYUZGARLI DPLBBEFEFEMSHOOFBB CHETFETREYNPUFY TANANIKLARI, b. iBTB-dBChBO RYUBM "iBOSch CHSCHDBCHBMY THUULYN NYFTPRPMYFBN PMPFSCHE STMSCHLY, UFBCHYCHYYE GETLPCHSH B UPCHETYEOOP OEBCHYUYNPE PF LOSTSEULPK CHMBUFY RPMPTSEOYE".
lPNMYNEOFBTOPOPUFSH RPDDETTSYUCHBBUSH VA KO'RSATILGAN OPTIMAL ZOEFPN. THOSH RMBFYMB DBOS, RMBFYMB ITS DPMPZY Y YURTBCHOP. OP V LBREJFBMSHOPN YUUMEDPCHBOY y. n lBYFBOPChB RPLBBOP, YUFP POB UPUFBCHMSMB Ch Ch XIV - 7000 Vt THVMEK no'xat - 5000 THVMEK, B Ch B XV. L - RP PZTPNOSCHE quritish CHTENEOBN DEOSHZY, YVP 1 THVMSH NPTSOP VSCHMP LHRYFSH 100 RHDPCH IMEVB. dB LPOEYUOP, LOSSHS RTEDRPYUMY R ™ £, YUFPVSCH FY UHNNSCH PUEDBMY OHYE X, D OE HRMSCHCHBMY H pTDH. OP EUMY TBDEMYFSH YEE ON RSFYNYMMYPOOPE OBUEMEOYE FPZDBYOEK Thuy, DHYH RTYIPDYFUS CHUEZP 1/1000 THVMS W pz, F. E. IMEVB 1,6 LZ ON OP. H. LPTsYOPCh HFPYUOSEF: RPDHYOBS RPDBFSH VSCHMB VPMSHYE, RPULPMSHLH HLBBOOSCHE UHNNSCH RTEDOBOBYUBMYUSH MYYSH LCA NPOZPMSHULPK CHMBUFY. uHEEUFChHEF NOEOYE, DHYH OBUEMEOYS B UPCHTENEOOPN ON YUFP ZPDPCHBS DBOSH (LPOEG 80 va PO.) YUYUYUMEOYY UPUFBCHMSMB CHUEZP PDYO-DCHB THVMS. lOSSh uYNEPO zPTDSchK (USCHO yChBOB lBMYFSch) RPDDETTSBOYE lPOUFBOFYOPRPMShULPK ERBTIYY ON DPVTPCHPMSHOP TSETFCHPCHBM TBCHOHA Chueca DBOY UHNNH.
rTPYCHEDEOOSCHE NPOZPMBNY PRHUFPYEOYS ON h. H. VBTFPMShD RYUBM, YUFP OEUNPFTS, RETCHPE CHTENS UHEEUFCHPCHBOYS nPOZPMShULPK YNRETYY VSCHMP CHTENEOEN LPOPNYYUEULPZP J LHMSHFHTOPZP TBUGCHEFB LCA CHUEI PVMBUFEK, LPFPTSCHE NPZMY CHPURPMSHPCHBFSHUS RPUMEDUFCHYSNY YYTPLP TBCHYCHYEKUS rty NPOZPMBI LBTBCHBOOPK FPTZPCHMY J VPMEE FEUOPZP, Yuen LPZDB-MYVP RTETSDE, LHMSHFHTOPZP PVEOJLARNING IShTIROKChILARI B'YEK.
eCE PV PDOPN NPNEOFE, HFPYUOSAEEN RPOSFYE "YZP" J UHEEUFCHEOOP HFPYUOSAEEN ning uFPYF ULBBFSH J. rPYuENH-OP OYLFP OE UFBCHYM CHPRTPU P ZEPZTBZHYYUEULPN BTEBME YZB, B CHPRTPU FPF YUTECHSCHYUBKOP CHBTSEO. vSHMB My FPZDBYOSS CHUUS THKUSH RAP IZPN? UPCHTENEOSHCHK YUUMEDPCHBBFEME b. lHMShRYO TBUGEOYCHBEF YCHEUFOHA rag'batlantirgan YUFPTYA "CHELPCH YZB" LBL YUFPTYA 1/10 OBUEMEOYS FPZDBYOEK Thuy, B YNEOOP FPK ITS YUBUFY, LPFPTBS VSCHMB UPUTEDPFPYUEOB CHPLTHZ ZPTPDPCH J LBL R ™ £ BCHYUBMB B MEUOSCHI BTEBMBI, zde PF PDOPZP RBYEOOPZP HYUBUFLB DP DTHZPZP NPZMP RTPUFYTBFSHUS B UTEDOEN 10 -20 CHETUF.
lPOEYuOP, Chuy VSCHMP PFOADSH OE YDEBMSHOP J VMBZPUFOP, TEYUSH YDEF MYYSH P UBNSCHI PVEYI J DMYFEMSHOSCHI FEODEOGYSI CHOHFTY BTEBMB. vSchMY VEDUFCHYS, PZTPNOSCHE VEDUFCHYS TBPTEOYE TH, TH Chueh-FBLY OE "RPZYVEMSH tHUULPK ENMY". e. yNHTMP RYUBM, YUFP OBYEUFCHYE vBFSchS UYMSHOP PVEMADYMP tHUULHA Enma. yChEuFOP, LUHP fPTTFLE FBFBTSSCh RETETYBMY CHUEYI KOIFEMEK; B lPEMShULE - OE FPMSHLP Chueh CHTPUMPE NHTSULPE OBUEMEOYE, OP J TSEOEYO DEFSHNY ega; B aTsOPK Thuy, NY chsch ushbu asarda UTSEZY rETESUMBCh, RPMPCHYOH TSYFEMEK RETEVYMY, DTHZHA B - B HCHEMY RMEO; H LYECHE PF CHUEZP ZPTPDB PUUFBMPUSH OE VPMEYE 200 DPNPCH yO FD.
rPFPNH "UYNVYP" OEMSHS CHPURTYOYNBFSH LBL OELHA PUPVHA MAVPCHSH THUULYI A NPOZPMBN. UBN m. RYUBM, YUFP HDPCHPMSHUFCHYEN, FBL milodiy bor R ™ £ PVPYMYUSH kuylash NPOZPMPCH VE, LBL J OENGECH VE. vPMEE FPZP, PMPFBS PTDB VSCHMB FBL DBMELB PF ZMBCHOPZP HMHUB J FBL UMBVP UCHSBOB Oin, YUFP YVBCHMEOYE PF "FBFBTULPZP YZB" bor RPUME UNETFY tol-IBOB J HUPVYGSCH, CHPVHTSDEOOPK FENOYLPN oPZBEN, VSCHMP OEUMPTSOP. OP CHNEUFP FPZP THUULYE LOSSHS RTPDPMTSBMY EDYFSH LFP pTDH B, B LPF CH UFBCHLH oPZBS J RTPUYFSH RPDDETTSLY DTHZ RTPFYCH DTHZB.
chueh NEOSEFUS RPUME 1312 Z. LPZDB HTSE NHUHMSHNBOULYK UHRETFOPU PCHMBDEM rTYYuETOPNPTShEN J rPChPMTsShEN. . LBL HFCHETTSDBM Miloddan: "- PF hVELB DP nBNBS chEMYLPTPUUYS, YUFPVSCH OE RPZYVOHFSH, CHSCHOHTSDEOB VSCHMB UFBFSH CHPEOOSCHN MBZETEN, RTYYUEN VSCHMPK UYNVYP pTDPK, LPFPTSCHK RTPDPMTSBMUS VPMEE RPMHCHELB bor FBFBTBNY RTECHTBFYMUS B CHPEOOSCHK UPA bor".
hBV, RTHBOOKER bMELUYEN - dTsBOYVEL uchun (. 1342-1357 PO) DTHTSYM PDOYN DV ZMBCHOSCHI TEMYZYPOSCHI DESFEMEK Thuy (NYFTPRPMYFPN RPTSE) bor. lufbfy, shmeyuy ZEOH dtsboyvelb PF FSTSEMPK ZMB'OPK vpmeoy bo'yicha. aTYK dBOYMPChYYu TSYM B pTDE DCHB ZPDB, RTYPVTEM TBURPMPTSEOYE IBOB, CHEMYLPE LOSTSEOYE ON RPMHYUYM PF OEZP STMSCHL. VSCHM RETCHSCHN, LFP PF YNEOY nPULPChULPZP LOSTSEUFCHB RPDRYUBM NETSDHOBTPDOSCHK DPZPCHPT uchun.
yFBL: "UNYVYP" YMY "YZP"? "UYNVYP" - CHUEZP MYYSH PVPOBYUEOYE, DBOOPE FPNH ZHEOPNEOH m zHNYMEChSchN, B PGEOLB (Ydes) VSCHMB CHSCHULBBOB LHDB TBOSHYE ECHTBYKGBNY .. h 1926 Z. Sing ZHPTNHMYTPCHBMY ITS FBL "rTETsOSS TBZTBOYYUYFEMSHOBS MYOYS NETSDH THUULPA J BYBFULP-SSCHYUEULYNY LHMSHFHTBNY RETEUFBMB PEHEBFSHUS RPFPNH, YUFP POB RTPUFP YUYUEMB: VEVPMEOEOOP J LBL-OP OEBNEFOP ZTBOYGSCH THUULPZP ZPUHDBTUFCHB RPYUFY UPCHRBMY ZTBOYGBNY NPOZPMSHULPK YNRETYY, TH OE PF LPZP UFBMP bor U FPK UVPTPOSHB BEYEBFSHUS ".
oEHTSEMY UFETEPFYR "YZB" TABMSHOP PFVTPUYFSH? LPOUOP, OEF. chEMYLB UYMB HUFPKYUYCHPUFSH UFETEPFYRPCH TH, TH CHEMYLP YUYUMP RTPFYCHOYLPCH LPOGERGYY MO fPMShLP ECPAT RPOSFSH, YUFP URPT YDEF ULPTEE ZHPTNE RP, RP Yuen UHFY: UOBYUBMB OEPVIPDYNP PRTEDEMYFSH UBNP RPOSFYE "YZP".
11.3. ZEPRPMYFILB LHMYLPCHULPK VYFSCHCH. ufbopchemoe ukhreptofopub
uYUYFBA, LUHP LHMYLPCHULPK VYFCHE TPDYMUS THUULIK FOFOPU bilan. 8 UEOFSVTS 1380 ZPDB ON lHMYLPChPN RPME UTBTSBMYUSH HTSE OE CHMBDYNYTGSCH, NPULCHYYUY, UHDBMSHGSCH, FCHETYYUY, UNPMSOE. RTMC
m zhNYMEY
uLYZhULYK, ZHOOULYK J NPOZPMSHULYK RETYPDSCH PVEEECHTBYKULPK YUFPTYY VSCHMY RTPDPMTSEOSCH RETYPDPN THUULYN.
r. UCHCHEIGLIK
h 1980 Z. PFNEYUBMPUSH 600 MEF UE DOS lHMYLPCHULPK VYFSCHCH. h RPFPLE RHVMYLBGYK VSCHMB UFBFSHS Q st, LBL LBTSEFUS ketmon, W MHYUYBS EZP TSYOY, LTYUFBMSHOP YUEFLBS RP MPZYLE Q W FP CE CHTENS PYUEOSH NPGYPOBMSHOBS. oBYuYOBMBUSh POB CHEUSHNB OEPVSCHYUOP "zEOHULYE LHRGSCH, LPFPTSCHE CHEUSH XIV yo'lovchi DETTSBMY B LPOPNYYUEULPK BCHYUYNPUFY chYBOFYA J UDEMBMY UCHPYN FERMPE yuETOPE NPTE, ozar OF UETYEK FETTYFPTYBMSHOSCHI BICHBFPCH PLBBMYUSH X OCU - Ufer W". lblbs Dedeych uchssh: Zookhlyul'ye Lhrgsch va lhmylpchulbs WIFCHB?
fTY UYMSCH X m.o. YZTBAF ZMBCHOSCHE TPMY B ZEPRPMYFYLE LPOGB XIV B: SP-RETCHSCHI, OBTPTSDBAEYKUS BRBDOPECHTPREKULYK FOPU, EZP BCHBOZBTDPN VSCHMB BLFYCHOBS LHREYUEULBS VHTTSHBYS, LPFPTBS MYYSH TSDBMB ZYVEMY PUMBVMEOOPK chYBOFYY. RTPCHPDOYLPN EE ČMYSOYS X OBU AZSHI VSHMB ZEHS haqida. PP-FFPTSCHI, NPPPBS PUNBOULBS fHTGYS; J H-FTEFSHYI, PUMBVMEOOBS PMPFBS PTDB, zde 1359 Z. OBYUBMBUSH CHOHFTEOOSS NETSDPHUPVYGB × - "BNSFYS" J B 20 MEF UNEOYMPUSH VPMEE 20 IBOPCH! THOUSH MYTHBB VSHMY MYSH "UHRETFOPU HAQIDA LODYDBFBNY".
c h 1312 RPUME ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOPZP RETECHPTPFB H uBTBE GBTECHYYU hVEL PVYASCHYM YUMBN ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOPK TEMYZYEK. DV UFEROPZP IBOB LPYUECHPK pTDSch OPCHSCHK CHMBUFYFEMSH UFBOPCHYFUS BCHPECHBFEMEN-UHMFBOPN. LBL HLBSCHCHBM MO, LPOZHEUUYPOBMSHOSCHE RETENEOSCH POBYUBMY YNEOEOYE RPMYFYYUEULPZP LHTUB ON UHRETFOYYUEULPN HTPCHOE. oBZOEFBOYE UYFHBGYY DMYMPUSH DP 1340 va PO, LPZDB LBLPK-OP TPL-B PDYO DCHB ZPDB MYYYM FTY CHPUFPYUOPECHTPREKULYI GEOFTB CHPTSDEK RTBCHYFEMEK Q: W mYFChE HNET zEDYNYO, B uBTBE - hVEL, W B nPULChE - yChBO lBMYFB .. uFBMP SUOP, YUFP OBDCHYZBEFUS OPCHSCHK fht CHBYNOPK OERTYSOY, CHTBTSDSCH.
oBTsYN ON tHUSh o'lja RP Chueca MYOYY RTPFYCHPUFPSOYS, MYOYY "TBULPMB GYCHYMYBGYK". PRUBOUPUFSH YUIPDYMB OE PF "PPMPFPK PTDShch. hZTPPK N 1 VSCHM BRBD - BZTEUUYS mYChPOULPZP PTDEOB - ZBOEKULYE LHRGSCH YEE NPOPRPMYEK FPTZPCHMY ON uEChETE, B RBTBMMEMSHOP bor. LHRGSCH-CHPYOSCH-LBFPMYGYN: ECE PRBUOEE VSCHM Az PFLHDB YUIPDYMB ZEOHULBS BZTEUUYS, BLMAYUBCHYBS FTYBDH bo'yicha. mYOYS "TBULPMB GYCHYMYBGYK" VSCHMB DBCHOP OBTHYEOB BRBDPN, CHPUFPL haqida TELP PFVTPUYCHYYN unga. Xususiy Korxona ChFPTPK RPMPCHYOE XIII - OBYUBMB XIV HH. POB UDCHYOHMBUSH 600-800 LN DP chETIOEK chPMZY J PLY ON BRBDOPK dChYOSch J BRBDOPZP vHZB bor. EEE TEKShIRILGAN TUG'ILGAN YUKSALBAT - ZMBCHOPN OBRTBCHMEYOY OBFYUL TEXUS HAQIDA. ABRD OBUFRBM U AZB! PPF RPYUENH Y OBYUBM m. UCHPK TBUULB P lHMYLPCHULPK VYFCHE.
lPOGB ZEOHGSCH yilda Charlz XIII, DE yuETOPNPTShE RPMOSCHNY IPSECHBNY ON VPTSHVSCH, UFBOPCHSFUS VE. C h 1266 Sing RPLHRBAF X FBFBT zhEPDPUYA, PUOPCHSCHCHBS OBNEOYFHA LPMPOYA lBZhB, B Ch Ch OBYUBME XIV PVPUOPCHSCHCHBAFUS H lETYuY J iETUPOEUE. CHEOEBYBOHGSCH FP Idoralar CHTENS HFCHETTSDBAFUS CHOKHZDEE (UHDBL). FP OBYUYF, ozar OF YUFP "MYOYS TBULPMB" ECE DBMSHYE ning PFLBFYMBUSH ON CHPUFPL - PF bDTYBFYLY DP yuETOPZP J DBTSE bPChULPZP RPVETETSSHS, 1500 LF FE! DEUSh ZEOHGSCH UFPMLOHMYUSH 1345 Z. RBRPK VSCHM PVYASCHMEO LTEUFPCHSCHK RPIPD × NPOZPMBNY dTsBOYVELB, RTPFYCH LPFPTPZP bor. fBLYN UMPTSOSCHN J NTBYUOSCHN LCA Thuy VSCHM ZEPRPMYFYYUEULYK "TBULMBD" UETEDYOSCH XIV CHELB.
rPME lHMYLPChPN J RPYUENH, PVTEYUEOOP-RBUUYCHOBS DP FEI RPT OF LEN CE Chueh-FBLY CHUFTEFYMBUSH POB, CHDTHZ UFBMB RBUUYPOBTOPK yilda? LTLCHNULIN PHENOILPN NBNBENda hPECHBMB POB. VSHMYYYYYYDYPN, RPPFNH I OE Rafinerisi UFBFSShBOPN haqida; BCHFPTYFEF EZP H P PMPFPK pTDE VShchm OECHEMYL. h e.ZTNHN-zTTsYNBKMP OBSHCHBM EZP KHKHTRBPPTPN.
lBL HLBSCHCHBM m. O., UPA OF nBNBK PRYTBMUS BRBDPN, ZMBCHOSCHN PVTBPN ZEOHULYNY LPMPOYSNY lTSchNH W, cp PLBBMPUSH TEYBAEYN B DBMSHOEKYEN IPDE UPVSCHFYK ega bo'lishi. UPAOYLPN nBNBS UFBM I sZBKMP - MYPCHULIK LOS. FP VSCHM UPA RPD ZYDPK BRBDB, UPA LCA RTECHTBEEOYS Thuy B LPMPOYA ZEOHGECH. YEE DEOSHZY nBNBK RPLHRBM OBENOYLPCH (B EZP LPTRHUE VSCHMY FPMSHLP OE, OE J UFPMSHLP NPOZPMSCH, ULPMSHLP PUFBFLY RPMPCHGECH, BMBO J DTHZYI) kuni. DH Software RTPDBCHBM RTBCHB ON FPTZPCHMA, CHPEOOSCHE RPUFBCHLY, TBVPFPTZPCHMA.
m. HFCHETTSDBM, YUFP RPUFEREOOP nBNBEChB PTDB RTECHTBFYMBUSH PE "CHUETBYAEDBAEHA IYNETH". RPD RPUMEDOEK zHNYMECh RPOYNBM FBLPE UPUFPSOYE UPGYBMSHOPZP PTZBOYNB, LPZDB OBUYMSHUFCHEOOPE UPTSYFEMSHUFCHP DCHHI J VPMEE FOPUPCH OE CHEDEF OJ L YUENH RPMPTSYFEMSHOPNH OH H LBLPN OBRTBCHMEOYY, B MYYSH UPDBEF RETEZTHLY UYUFENSCH rty RPMOPK TBUUPZMBUPCHBOOPUFY UPUFBCHMSAEYI ITS MENEOFPCH.
tHUSh UTBTSBMBUSH ON RPME lHMYLPChPN nBNBEChPK PTDPK, LPFPTBS LBTDYOBMSHOP PFMYYUBMBUSH PF RETCHPK B qilgan "CHPCHUE OE Biz PTDPK PMPFPK". RPME lHMYLPChPN dNYFTYK RPUMBM IBOH fPIFB-NSCHYH B PMPFHA pTDH ON mHYuYYN J UBNSCHN PYUECHYDOSCHN DPLBBFEMSHUFCHPN FPZP VSCHMP AF YUFP TBDPUFOHA CHEUFSH P RPVEDE.
pMPFPPTDSchULYE RTBCHYFEMY OE UFTENYMYUSH PUEUFSH ON Thuy, dh OHTSOB VSCHMB "DBOSH" B YOPZDB J RTPYUOSCHK UPA. b. fPKOVY RTYOBCHBM, YUFP XIII-qism B "HZTPB tPUUYY UP UFPTPOSCH BRBDB" UFBMB ITPOYYUEULPK; RTBCHDB, RPYUENH-OP HDYCHMSMUS, YUFP PFCHEFPN Thuy UFBMY UBNPCHMBUFYE J GEOFTBMYN B HRTBCHMEOYY UFTBOPK.
tPUUYS LBL VSHCH RTPUOCHMBUSH PF BOBVYPBB, DMYCHYEZPUS VPMEE CHELB. cpc zHNYMECh RYUBM, YUFP IYNETB VSCHMB OE FBL UFTBYOB quritish, YUFP "CHRPMBMB" B OEUCHPKUFCHEOOSCHK, YUHTSDSCHK, LPMPZYYUEULY DTHZPK UHRETFOPU, B quritish, YUFP ITS UHEOPUFSHA SCHYMBUSH PFYUEFMYCHBS FEODEOGYS TBUUESOYS J HOYYUFPTSEOYS OBTPDPCH-UPUEDEK (THUULYI, RPMPCHGECH, NPTDCHSCH, UBNYI CE FBFBT)
