Showforum post on architecture. Architecture: current trends
Municipal educational institution Burannaya secondary school
Architecture. Types of architecture
Completed
student of grade 9A
Voloshin V
Checked
Oskina E.A.
p. Buranny 2012
Introduction
Architecture
Types of architecture
Styles in architecture
Conclusion
Literature
Introduction
Construction is one of the most ancient types of human activity, which means that many millennia ago, the foundations of all further development of architecture were laid. Coming to any city, we see palaces, town halls, private cottages built in a variety of architectural styles. And it is according to these styles that we determine the era of their construction, the socio-economic level of the country, the mores, traditions and customs of this or that people, its culture, history, national and spiritual heredity, even the temperaments and characters of the people of this country.
Architecture is an art that is inseparable from a person's everyday life. It serves our everyday needs, various social needs. And at the same time it gives us joy, creates a mood, affects the feelings of people.
The choice of the theme “Architecture. Types of Architecture ”was due to my personal interest in it, as well as the fact that architecture is an art that keeps pace with the times and is always up-to-date. Architecture surrounds a person everywhere and throughout his life: it is a home, and a place for work and rest. This is the environment in which a person exists, but the environment is artificially created, which is opposed to nature, but at the same time is always connected with the surrounding space. Architecture must satisfy the practical needs of a person, but it is also capable of causing "aesthetic excitement", bewitching and surprising. This is what makes architecture interesting. The purpose of my work is to reveal the peculiarities of architecture as an art form through artistic styles.
architecture gothic space baroque
Architecture
Architecture, or architecture, forms the spatial environment for the life and work of people. The art of architecture is truly a social art. Even today, she has a complex interaction with history and is directly included in the culture of her time. Individual buildings and their ensembles, squares and avenues, parks and stadiums, villages and entire cities - their beauty can evoke certain feelings and moods in the audience. This is what makes architecture an Art - the art of creating buildings and structures according to the laws of beauty. And, like any kind of art, architecture is closely related to the life of society, its history, views and ideology. The best architectural buildings and ensembles are remembered as symbols of countries and cities. The art of architecture is truly a social art. Even today, she has a complex interaction with history and is directly included in the culture of her time.
In a society of mass consumption, private order, commercial orientation of construction activities, the architect is often very limited in his actions, but he always has the right to choose the language of architecture, and at all times it was a difficult search for the path to architecture as a great art and exact science. It is no coincidence that great civilizations are remembered not only by wars or trade, but, above all, by the monuments of architecture left by them.
Types of architecture
The architecture of volumetric structures.
The architecture of volumetric structures includes residential buildings, public buildings (schools, theaters, stadiums, shops, and others), industrial structures (factories, factories, power plants, etc.)
2. Landscape and park architecture.
This type of architecture is associated with the organization of landscape gardening space. These are squares, boulevards and parks with "small" architecture - gazebos, bridges, fountains, stairs.
Urban planning /
Urban planning activities - activities in urban planning, organization and development of territories and settlements, determining the types of urban planning use of territories, integrated design of urban and rural settlements, including the creative process of forming urban planning space, creating
Styles in architecture
Architecture has always been closely linked with the history of the development of society, its worldview and ideas, with the level of development of construction technology, with a person's idea of benefit and beauty. All this influenced the architectural style, that is, the historically formed set of artistic means and techniques. The architectural style is manifested in the ways of organizing space, the choice of architectural forms characteristic of this era, their proportions and decorative decorations. Acquaintance with different architectural styles can tell a lot about a person's past. Unlike the Greeks, who knew only a column covered by a beam and rooms with flat ceilings, the Romans developed an arched ceiling and a system of vaults. Roman vaults are striking in their pictoriality, scale, and abundance of variety. Almost the highest achievement of Roman design thought was a closed enchanting vault, usually called a dome. One of the finest examples of Roman architecture is the Pantheon, the temple of all the gods, built in Rome in 125 AD. The round in the plan of buildings is covered with a grandiose dome with a diameter of more than 43 meters.
Only in the 19th century, with the invention of reinforced concrete structures, did people learn to build domes of this size, and the Romans built the dome of the Pantheon using concrete and a brick frame. The building is extremely well thought out. Its height is equal to the diameter, the dome is a hemisphere. In the center of the dome there is a hole through which a stream of light penetrates, illuminating the entire inner space of the huge hall. The Pantheon amazed with the splendor of its decoration. The square recesses needed to lighten the mass of the dome, the so-called caissons, were filled with gilded bronze rosettes, the walls inside were lined with multi-colored marble, and the columns of the outer portico were carved from solid granite monoliths.
Ancient Egyptian.
The ancient Egyptian style originated in the Nile Valley around 5000 BC and lasted until 300 AD. Ancient Egyptian architecture is conventional and monotonous. This was due to the fact that the extraction of stone and its processing was in the hands of the state, the methods of work were so firmly established that they did not change for 3500 years. The isolation of Egyptian civilization led to the fact that in the ancient state there was no competition in architecture, which would have a beneficial effect on its development, as, for example, in Europe.
Classical.
This style originated in Europe in the 17th century as a result of the influence of the Italian Renaissance. At this time, the art of the Renaissance was already widespread on the continent.
Romanesque.
Romanesque style - the artistic style that prevailed in Western Europe<#"justify">5. Old Russian.
Old Russian refers to art in a historical era, conditionally limited, on the one hand, by the date of the baptism of Rus by the Kiev prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich (988), and on the other, by the turn of the 17th-18th centuries, the beginning of the intensive Europeanization of Russian culture under Peter the Great. The ideological content of this era was the strengthening and spread of Christianity in its Eastern, Greek, Orthodox, and Orthodox versions.
6. Baroque.
The Baroque style appeared in the 16th - 17th centuries in Italian cities: Rome<#"justify">7. Classicism.
Classicism originated in European art XVII<#"justify">Conclusion
Among the multitude of "golden thoughts" erased from long-term use, there is one like this: "Life is short - art is eternal." Almost everyone has come across these words somewhere, but not everyone succeeds in understanding the whole essence of this phrase. On a par with the greatest books and paintings, statues and symphonies, architectural structures have risen - so long ago and so firmly that it never occurs to anyone to doubt it. Architecture has taken this strong position in the world of art due to its special quality, which is called harmony, musical coherence of parts. The coherence of the whole and the proportionality of the details. And also that special property that to some extent other arts share with architecture, but in it it manifests itself most clearly in a special scale to a person. Thanks to my project, I realized that architecture, being a beautiful and elegant art form, has become an integral part of our life. It differs from other arts in that it is an art in which people live.
Literature
1. Gnedich P. P. World history of arts. - M., 1996.
Emohonova L. G. World art culture. - M., 2000.
Tags: Architecture. Types of architecture Abstract Construction
4. Architecture as an art form
Architecture is one of the most ancient types of art, expressing in religious and public buildings the worldview of the people in a particular historical era, a certain artistic style. , an artistically organized environment of human life. Also - the art of shaping this spatial environment, creating a new reality that has a functional meaning, bringing benefits to a person and providing aesthetic pleasure. The term encompasses the design of the exterior of a structure; organization of internal space; selection of materials for outdoor and indoor use, design of natural and artificial lighting systems, as well as engineering support systems; electricity and water supply; decorative design. Each of the structures has a specific purpose: for life or work, leisure or study, trade or transport. All of them are durable, comfortable and necessary for people - these are their essential properties.
Types of architecture
There are three main types of architecture:
The architecture of three-dimensional structures. It includes religious and fortress buildings, residential buildings, public buildings (schools, theaters, stadiums, shops, etc.), industrial structures (factories, factories, etc.);
Landscape architecture associated with the organization of garden and park space (squares, boulevards and parks with "small" architecture - gazebos, fountains, bridges, stairs)
Urban planning, encompassing the construction of new cities and towns and the reconstruction of old urban areas.
Styles of architecture
Architecture is closely related to the life of society, its views and ideology. The basis of ancient Greek architecture is the idea of a perfect, physically and spiritually developed person. Ancient architects built all their buildings in accordance with the proportions of the human body, embodying harmony, opposition to the elements of nature, majestic clarity and humanity. "Style of the era" (Romanesque style, Gothic, etc.) occurs mainly in those historical periods when the perception of works of art is different comparative inflexibility, when it is still easily adaptable to a change in style.
Great styles - Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, Classicism, Empire / a variation of late Classicism / - are usually recognized as equal and equal. Development of styles is asymmetric, which is outwardly expressed in the fact that each style gradually changes from simple to complex; however, it returns from complex to simple only as a result of a jump. Therefore, styles change in different ways: slowly - from simple to complex, and abruptly - from complex to simple. The Romanesque style is replaced by the Gothic over a period of more than a hundred years - from the middle of the XII century. until the middle of the XIII century. Simple forms of Romanesque architecture gradually turn into a complex Gothic style. Within the Gothic style, then the Renaissance matures. With the emergence of the Renaissance, a period of ideological quests, the emergence of an integral worldview system, again began. And at the same time, the process of gradual complication and disintegration of the simple begins again: the Renaissance becomes more complex, and behind it is the Baroque. Baroque, in turn, becoming more complex, passes in some types of art (architecture, painting, applied art) into rococo. Then again there is a return to the simple, and as a result of the leap to replace the baroque comes classicism, the development of which in some countries was replaced by the Empire style.
The reasons for changing pairs of styles are as follows: reality does not choose a style among the existing ones, but creates a new style and transforms the old one. The created style is the primary style, and the converted style is the secondary one.
The architecture of the native land
Architecture of the Grodno region
Borisoglebskaya (Kolozhskaya) church, a monument to the ancient Russian architecture of the second half of the XII century.
Mir Castle, included in the UNESCO List, Lida Castle (XIV-XV centuries)
The architecture of the Minsk region
Archcathedral Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary (second half of the 17th - early 18th centuries)
Church of Saints Simeon and Helena (Red Church) - a monument of neo-Gothic architecture with modern features (1908 - 1910)
Nesvizh palace and park complex (XVII-XVIII centuries)
Bernardine church in the village of Budslav, Myadel region, a monument of Baroque architecture (XVIII century)
Architecture of the Vitebsk region
St. Sophia Cathedral, an architectural monument of the XI-XVIII centuries.
Spaso-Euphrosyne Church, a monument of ancient Russian architecture (1152 - 1161). Unique frescoes have been preserved on its walls and columns.
Literature:
1. Gerchuk Yu.L. Fundamentals of literary literacy. –M., 1998
2. Danilov V.N. Methods of teaching fine arts and artistic work. Minsk, 2004
3. Kasterin N.P. educational drawing. –M .: Education, 1996
4. Lazuka B. Sloўnik termіnak pa architecture, vyyaўlenchamu dekarataўna-prylny mastastvu. - Mn., 2001
5. Nemensky B.M. Pedagogy of art. –M .: Education, 2007
Topic: The Architecture of England
Theme: Architecture of England
Like any other art form, the architecture of the state is, by which the inhabitants of other countries can judge the level of its cultural development and the peculiarities of its citizens' character. England's architecture is aristocratic and conservative. An eclectic diversity - these two words are the best to formulate the main feature of England's architecture.
Like any other art form, the architecture of the state is a kind of visiting card by which residents of other countries can judge the level of its cultural development, the characteristics of the character of its citizens. The architecture of England is aristocratic and conservative. Eclectic diversity - these two words perfectly formulate the main feature of the architecture of England.
Eclecticism or, in other words, historicism, suggests the presence At the same time, the British eclecticism tends to have its distinctive traits inherent to different stylistic schools of those times. These styles had been formed and developed sequentially. This continuity can be traced by examining the buildings of the Tudor, Georgian, Victorian and Edwardian periods.
Eclecticism, or, in other words, historicism, presupposes the presence of the main features of European architecture in the architecture of England in the 15-18 centuries. At the same time, British eclecticism is characterized by unique distinctive features inherent in different style schools of that time. These styles were formed and developed consistently. This continuity can be seen when looking at buildings from the Tudor, Georgian, Victorian and Edwardian periods.
Another outstanding feature of England's architectural monuments which survived to our times is a pronounced functionality of the buildings. The thing is that the majority of large-scale structures of the most productive period in the development of the British architecture were defensive and religious buildings - fortresses, churches and monasteries. Of course, the purpose of the building could not but affect its appearance.
Another striking feature of the architectural monuments of England that have survived to our times is also the pronounced functionality of the buildings. The fact is that most of the large-scale structures of the most productive period in the development of British architecture were defensive and religious buildings - fortresses, churches, monasteries. Of course, the purpose of the building could not but be reflected in its external appearance.
The oldest and, accordingly, the fewest in England are the reminders of the Tudor period (16th century). Tudor-style buildings can be recognized by black wooden frames and steep roof arches surmounted by groups of chimneys decorated with ceramic ornaments. Another characteristic feature of this period's buildings is the presence of small windows and narrow tall doors.
The oldest, and, accordingly, the fewest in England are the monuments of the Tudor period (16th century). Tudor-style buildings can be recognized by their steep roof vaults topped with clusters of differently shaped chimneys with ceramic decorations. Small windows and narrow high doors are another characteristic feature of buildings from this period.
Gothic traits borrowed from the French architecture of the same period are manifested by the elongated, aspiring to the sky cathedral buildings with multiple lancet arches and wall-bounds. The most outstanding examples of Tudor architecture are considered to be The royal palace of Hampton Court near London and the buildings of Oxbridge colleges.
Gothic features, borrowed from French architecture of the same period, are manifested in the elongated, sky-high cathedral buildings with numerous pointed arches and wall bindings. The most striking examples of Tudor architecture are the royal palace of Hampton Court near London and the colleges of Oxbridge.
Modesty and nobility of this style inspired the British architects so much that in the 19-20 centuries there emerged the style, imitating the old days' trend - the Tudorbethan style. Such buildings as Liberty department store near Oxford Circus and numerous pubs on Fleet Street in Soho are designed in this style.
The modesty and nobility of this style inspired English architects so much that in the 19th and 20th centuries a style arose that imitated the antiquity - pseudo Tudorian. Liberty department store near Oxford Circus, as well as numerous pubs on Fleet Street and in Soho, have been decorated in this style.
Georgian style, which was forming from the early 18th to mid-19th centuries, has witnessed the reign of King George the First, George The Second, George The Third and George The Fourth. The heyday of the British Empire explains the presence of some Georgian-style traits in the
The Georgian style, which took shape from the early 18th to the mid-19th centuries, witnessed the reign of Kings George I, II, III and IV. The flourishing of the British Empire explains the presence of features of the Georgian style in the architecture of the countries that were part of it during this period.
The Georgian style buildings are characterized by simple symmetrical layout and minimalistic decor presented by white ornament. The most outstanding examples of the Georgian style buildings are the famous Pushkin House, Hazlitts hotel in Soho and others. Such historic ensembles of central London as The Trafalgar Square, St James and Regent Street which were designed by John Nash, are deserving special attention. Many, located in the province of the British capital, are perfectly preserved and present popular objects of the real estate market.
The Georgian style buildings are characterized by simple, symmetrical layouts and minimalist white ornamental décor. Prominent examples of Georgian buildings are the famous Pushkin House, the Hazlitts Hotel in Soho, and others. The historical ensembles in the center of London, designed by John Nash - Trafalgar Square, St. James and Regent Street, deserve special attention. Many Georgian buildings located in the province of the British capital are perfectly preserved and are popular objects of the real estate market.
The Victorian style of the British state’s highest degree of flourishing under the leadership of Queen Victoria from 1837 to 1901. This period in architecture can be described as the most motley, including the constructions from the neo-classical to neo-Gothic styles. You can dive into the atmosphere of the Victorian era going to one of such areas as Barnsberry Square, Gibson Square, Cloudsley Square, Lonsdale Square, Milner Square and Thornhill Square. Here you will see buildings with large windows and round "portholes", stained glass windows and moldings, unplastered facades and lancet windows, asymmetrical layout and quaint turrets. This is where the British eclectic was born.
The Victorian style falls on the heyday of the British state, achieved under the leadership of Queen Victoria - from 1837 to 1901. This period in architecture can be described as the most variegated, including buildings from neoclassic to neo-gothic. You can immerse yourself in the atmosphere of the Victorian era by going to one of the squares - Barnsbury Square, Gibson Square, Cloudsley Square, Lonsdale Square, Milner Square and Thornhill Square. Here you will see buildings with large windows and round "portholes", stained glass windows and stucco, unplastered facades and lancet windows, asymmetric layouts and quaint turrets. It was here that the English eclecticism was born.
The Edwardian style was developing during the reign of Edward the Seventh, who ascended to the throne after Queen Victoria and ruled for several decades. The buildings of this period carry the traits of baroque, neo-classical and Georgian architecture. They are designed in brighter colors and characterized by the simplicity of the layout as well as the modest ornamental load. The most notable Edwardian buildings in London are The Admiralty Arch, The Criminal Court "Old Bailey", County Hall on the South Bank of the Thames and the "Electric Cinema" in Notting Hill.
Edwardian style developed during the reign of Edward the Seventh, who ascended the throne after Queen Victoria and reigned for several decades. Buildings from this period have features of Baroque, Georgian architecture and neoclassicism. They are made in lighter colors, characterized by simplicity of layout and modest ornamental load. The most notable Edwardian buildings in London are the Admiralty Arch, the Old Bailey Criminal Court, County Hall on the South Bank of the Thames and the Electric Cinema in Notting Hill.
They say, one look is worth a thousand words. Sightseeing tour on London’s architectural sights could become a perfect gift for a lover of architecture as well as for every English learner who wishes to learn more about the country of Albion and its people.
As they say, it is better to see once than hear a hundred times. A sightseeing tour of the architectural monuments of London could be a wonderful gift for both an architecture lover and any student who studies English and wants to learn more about the country of Albion and its people.
4. Architecture as an art form
Architecture is one of the most ancient types of art, expressing in religious and public buildings the worldview of the people in a particular historical era, a certain artistic style. , an artistically organized environment of human life. Also - the art of shaping this spatial environment, creating a new reality that has a functional meaning, bringing benefits to a person and providing aesthetic pleasure. The term encompasses the design of the exterior of a structure; organization of internal space; selection of materials for outdoor and indoor use, design of natural and artificial lighting systems, as well as engineering support systems; electricity and water supply; decorative design. Each of the structures has a specific purpose: for life or work, leisure or study, trade or transport. All of them are durable, comfortable and necessary for people - these are their essential properties.
Types of architecture
There are three main types of architecture:
The architecture of three-dimensional structures. It includes religious and fortress buildings, residential buildings, public buildings (schools, theaters, stadiums, shops, etc.), industrial structures (factories, factories, etc.);
Landscape architecture associated with the organization of garden and park space (squares, boulevards and parks with "small" architecture - gazebos, fountains, bridges, stairs)
Urban planning, encompassing the construction of new cities and towns and the reconstruction of old urban areas.
Styles of architecture
Architecture is closely related to the life of society, its views and ideology. The basis of ancient Greek architecture is the idea of a perfect, physically and spiritually developed person. Ancient architects built all their buildings in accordance with the proportions of the human body, embodying harmony, opposition to the elements of nature, majestic clarity and humanity. "Style of the era" (Romanesque style, Gothic, etc.) occurs mainly in those historical periods when the perception of works of art is different comparative inflexibility, when it is still easily adaptable to a change in style.
Great styles - Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, Classicism, Empire / a variation of late Classicism / - are usually recognized as equal and equal. Development of styles is asymmetric, which is outwardly expressed in the fact that each style gradually changes from simple to complex; however, it returns from complex to simple only as a result of a jump. Therefore, styles change in different ways: slowly - from simple to complex, and abruptly - from complex to simple. The Romanesque style is replaced by the Gothic over a period of more than a hundred years - from the middle of the XII century. until the middle of the XIII century. Simple forms of Romanesque architecture gradually turn into a complex Gothic style. Within the Gothic style, then the Renaissance matures. With the emergence of the Renaissance, a period of ideological quests, the emergence of an integral worldview system, again began. And at the same time, the process of gradual complication and disintegration of the simple begins again: the Renaissance becomes more complex, and behind it is the Baroque. Baroque, in turn, becoming more complex, passes in some types of art (architecture, painting, applied art) into rococo. Then again there is a return to the simple, and as a result of the leap to replace the baroque comes classicism, the development of which in some countries was replaced by the Empire style.
The reasons for changing pairs of styles are as follows: reality does not choose a style among the existing ones, but creates a new style and transforms the old one. The created style is the primary style, and the converted style is the secondary one.
The architecture of the native land
Architecture of the Grodno region
Borisoglebskaya (Kolozhskaya) church, a monument to the ancient Russian architecture of the second half of the XII century.
Mir Castle, included in the UNESCO List, Lida Castle (XIV-XV centuries)
The architecture of the Minsk region
Archcathedral Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary (second half of the 17th - early 18th centuries)
Church of Saints Simeon and Helena (Red Church) - a monument of neo-Gothic architecture with modern features (1908 - 1910)
Nesvizh palace and park complex (XVII-XVIII centuries)
Bernardine church in the village of Budslav, Myadel region, a monument of Baroque architecture (XVIII century)
Architecture of the Vitebsk region
St. Sophia Cathedral, an architectural monument of the XI-XVIII centuries.
Spaso-Euphrosyne Church, a monument of ancient Russian architecture (1152 - 1161). Unique frescoes have been preserved on its walls and columns.
Literature:
1. Gerchuk Yu.L. Fundamentals of literary literacy. –M., 1998
2. Danilov V.N. Methods of teaching fine arts and artistic work. Minsk, 2004
3. Kasterin N.P. educational drawing. –M .: Education, 1996
4. Lazuka B. Sloўnik termіnak pa architecture, vyyaўlenchamu dekarataўna-prylny mastastvu. - Mn., 2001
5. Nemensky B.M. Pedagogy of art. –M .: Education, 2007
Post and beam system
Dolmen Pulnabron in Ireland. 2005 year SteveFE / Flickr The simplest architectural structure known from neolithic... From ancient times to the present day, it has been used in all buildings covered with a flat or gable roof. In the past, wooden or stone beams were laid on pillars of the same material - today, metal and reinforced concrete are used instead of natural stone.
Around 2500 BC NS.
The beginning of the design of the columns
Tomb of Pharaoh V of the Sahura dynasty. Reconstruction by Ludwig Borchardt. 1910 year Wikimedia Commons Ancient Egyptian architects remained faithful to the post-and-beam system, but gave meaning to architectural forms. The columns in their temples began to depict a palm tree, a lotus or a bunch of papyrus. These stone "thickets" tell about the forest after the grave, through which the souls of the dead must make their way to a new life. This is how architecture became a fine art. Later, they made a huge sculpture out of architecture, and in Mesopotamia... However, they preferred to sculpt bulls, griffins and other creatures of the animal world there.
Around 700 BC NS.
Folding an antique order
Temple of T at Selinunte. Drawing by Jacques Ignace Gittorf. 1859 year Wikimedia Commons Greeks made architecture itself the theme of architecture as an art, or rather, the story of the work of its structures. From that moment on, the supports of the post-and-beam system not only decorate the building, but also show that they are supporting something and that it is hard for them. They ask for the sympathy of the audience and, for persuasiveness, imitate the structure and proportions of a human figure - male, female or girlish. A strictly logical system of supporting and supported elements is called an order Order- (from Lat. Ordo) military order, order.... Usually there are three main orders - Doric, Ionic and Corinthian - and two additional ones - Tuscan and composite. This is the moment of birth of European architecture.
About 70 A.D. NS.
The beginning of the widespread use of arched structures
Colosseum in Rome. Engraving by Giovanni Battista Piranesi. 1757 year Wikimedia Commons Romans arches and arched structures (vaults and domes) are beginning to be widely used. The horizontal beam can crack if it is too long; the wedge-shaped parts in the arched arc do not break under load, but are compressed, and it is not easy to destroy the stone by pressure. Therefore, arched structures can cover much larger spaces and load them much more daringly. At the same time, having mastered the arch, the architects of Rome did not begin to compose a new architectural language to replace the ancient Greek. The post-and-beam system (that is, the columns and the elements supported by them) remained on the facades, but now they often did not work, but only decorated the building. Thus, the Romans made the order a decoration.
318 years
The return of early Christian architects to wooden roof trusses
Basilica of St. Peter in Rome. Reconstruction by Henry William Brewer. 1891 year Wikimedia Commons The fall of the Western Roman Empire brought down the economy of those territories that we today call Western Europe. There were not enough funds for the construction of stone floors, although there was a need for large buildings, primarily temples. That's why Byzantine builders I had to go back to the tree, and with it - to the post-and-beam system. Rafters were made of wood - structures for the roof, where some of the elements (struts), according to the laws of geometry, work not for fracture, but for rupture or compression.
532 year
The beginning of the use of domes on sails by Byzantine architects
Dome of St. Sophia Cathedral in Constantinople. year 2012 Hochgeladen von Myrabella / Wikimedia Commons Technological breakthrough Byzantine architecture- setting the dome, invented in Ancient Rome, not on round walls that close the interior space, but on four arches - respectively, with only four points of support. Biconcave triangles - sails - formed between the arches and the dome ring. (In churches, they most often depict the evangelists Matthew, Luke, Mark and John - the four pillars of the church.) In particular, thanks to this design, Orthodox churches look familiar to us.
Around 1030
Return to the construction of arched vaults in Romanesque architecture
Speyer Cathedral in Germany. Drawing by August Essenwein. 1858 year Wikimedia Commons By the beginning of the second millennium AD, powerful empires began to take shape in Europe, and each considered itself the heir to Rome. The traditions of Roman architecture were also revived. Majestic Romanesque the cathedrals were again covered with arched structures similar to antique ones - stone and brick vaults.
1135 year
Gothic architects give arched structures a pointed shape
Cathedral of the Holy Cross in Orleans Renaud Camus / Flickr Arch and arched structures have one major drawback. They seek to "disperse". Before gothic architects fought against this effect by building thick walls. Then another technique was found: arches and vaults began to be made lancet. A structure of this shape presses more down on the supports than to the sides. In addition, from the sides, this system was propped up by special "bridges" - flying buttresses, which were thrown from free-standing pillars - buttresses. So the walls were freed from any load, made light or even disappeared, giving way to glass paintings - stained-glass windows.
1419 year
In the era of the Renaissance, Baroque and Classicism, styles are formed regardless of the novelty of the structures used.
View of the square of the Most Holy Annunciation. Painting by Giuseppe Zocchi. XVI century On the square is the portico of Ospedale degli Innocenti (Shelter of the Innocent) by the architect Philip Brunelleschi (1419-1445). christies.com
Renaissance gave the world the greatest domes, but from that moment on, great styles arose not so much due to construction innovations, but as a result of a change in the very picture of the world. Renaissance, Mannerism, Baroque, Rococo, Classicism and Empire were born more thanks to philosophers, theologians, mathematicians and historians (and to some extent to those who introduced gallant manners into fashion) than to the inventors of new floor structures. Up to the era of the industrial revolution innovations in building technologies are no longer the determining factor in changing styles.
1830 year
The beginning of the "railroad fever" led to the massive use in the construction of metal structures
Launch of the Liverpool-Manchester railway. Drawing by A. B. Clayton. 1830 year Wikimedia Commons Rails, originally intended only for railways, have proven to be an ideal building material from which strong metal structures are easily constructed. The rapid development of ground steam transport contributed to the growth of the capacity of metal-rolling production, ready to provide engineers with any number of channels and I-beams. The frames of high-rise buildings are made of such details even today.
1850 year
Glass is becoming a full-fledged building material
Crystal Palace in Hyde Park. Drawing by Philip Brannan. 1850-1851 years Victoria and Albert Museum The factory production of large-sized window glass made it possible to develop technologies for the construction of first large greenhouses, and then grandiose buildings for other purposes, in which either all walls or roofs were made of glass. Fabulous "crystal palaces" began to be embodied in reality.
1861 year
The beginning of the industrial use of reinforced concrete
Drawing of the house by François Coigner from the November issue of the magazine L "Ingénieur for 1855 histoire-vesinet.org Attempts to harden concrete were made in ancient Rome; metal rods for reinforcing floors have been actively used since the beginning of the 19th century. In the 1860s, the gardener Joseph Monier, looking for a way to make garden pots more durable, accidentally discovers that if metal reinforcement is laid in concrete, the strength of the resulting part increases many times. In 1867, the discovery was patented and then sold to professional engineers who developed methods of applying this latest technology. However, the adventurous gardener was only one of several fathers of new building technology. For example, in 1853 in France, engineer François Coigner built a house entirely of reinforced concrete, and in 1861 he published a book on its use.
1919 year
Combining all technological possibilities in a new
"Modern" style
The Esprit Nouveau pavilion by Le Corbusier in Paris. 1925 postcard delcampe.net In his manifesto in the magazine Esprit Nouveau, one of the leaders of modernist architects Le Corbusier formulates five principles of modern architecture that return it to ancient ideals - not externally, but in the main: the image of the building again began to truthfully reflect the work of structures and the functional purpose of volumes. By the beginning of the 20th century, decor on facades began to be perceived as a deception. There was a need to turn to the origins, to take an example from the ancient Greek temples, truthfully telling about the work of structures. However, now the ceilings were made of reinforced concrete, the meaning of which is that where the part works for fracture, the reinforcement embedded in it resists rupture. Therefore, modern structures can cover spans of almost any width. Now the buildings were able to completely lose their columns, ornaments, they were able to have solid glazing, that is, to acquire the "modern look" we are used to.
