What does gothic mean. What is Gothic
Otica- a period in the development of medieval art in Western, Central and partly Eastern Europe.
The word comes from Italian. gotico - unusual, barbaric - (Goten - barbarians; this style has nothing to do with historical Goths), and at first it was used as an abusive one. For the first time, the concept in the modern sense was applied by Giorgio Vasari in order to separate the Renaissance from the Middle Ages.
Origin of the term
However, there was nothing barbaric in this style: on the contrary, it is distinguished by great grace, harmony and observance of logical laws. A more correct name would be "lancet", tk. the lancet shape of the arc is an essential feature of Gothic art. And, indeed, in France, at the birthplace of this style, the French gave it a quite appropriate name - "style revive" (from ogive - arrow).
Three main periods:
- Early Gothic XII-XIII century.
- High Gothic - 1300-1420 (conditionally)
- Late Gothic - XV century (1420-1500) is often called "Flaming"
Architecture
The Gothic style mainly manifested itself in the architecture of temples, cathedrals, churches, monasteries. Developed on the basis of Romanesque, more precisely - Burgundian architecture. Unlike the Romanesque style, with its round arches, massive walls and small windows, the Gothic style is characterized by pointed arches, narrow and high towers and columns, a richly decorated facade with carved details (vimpergs, tympans, archivolts) and multicolored stained glass lancet windows ... All style elements emphasize vertical.
art
Sculpture played a huge role in creating the image of the Gothic cathedral. In France, she designed mainly its outer walls. Tens of thousands of sculptures, from plinths to pinnacles, inhabit the mature Gothic cathedral.
Round monumental plastic is actively developing in the Gothic style. But at the same time, Gothic sculpture is an integral part of the ensemble of the cathedral, it is part of the architectural form, since together with the architectural elements it expresses the movement of the building upward, its tectonic meaning. And, creating an impulsive light and shadow game, it, in turn, animates, spiritualizes the architectural masses and promotes their interaction with the air environment.
Painting... One of the main directions of Gothic painting was stained glass, which gradually replaced fresco painting. The stained glass technique has remained the same as in the previous era, but the color palette has become much richer and more colorful, and the subjects are more complex - along with images of religious subjects, stained glass windows on everyday topics appeared. In addition, not only colored, but also colorless glass began to be used in stained-glass windows.
The period of the Gothic was the heyday of book miniatures. With the advent of secular literature (novels of chivalry, etc.), the range of illustrated manuscripts expanded, and richly illustrated books of hours and psalters for home use were also created. Artists began to strive for a more reliable and detailed reproduction of nature. The brightest representatives of the Gothic book miniature are the Limburgi brothers, the court miniaturists of the Duke de Berry, who created the famous "Magnificent Book of Hours of the Duke of Berry" (about 1411-1416).
Ornament
Fashion
Interior
Dressuar is a cupboard made of late Gothic furniture. Often covered with paintings.
Gothic furniture is simple and heavy in the truest sense of the word. For example, for the first time, clothes and household items are being stored in closets (in antiquity, only a chest was used for this purpose). Thus, by the end of the Middle Ages, prototypes of the main modern pieces of furniture appear: a wardrobe, a bed, an armchair. Frame-panel knitting was one of the most common methods of making furniture. As a material in the north and west of Europe, mainly local types of wood were used - oak, walnut, and in the south (Tyrol) and in the east - spruce and pine, as well as larch, European cedar, juniper.
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In Russia, a huge number of subcultures are popular, which came to us from abroad. Some of them have a small number of fans, while others have a large community in many large cities. Today we will talk about Gotach, and about the youth movement Gothic, which means you can find out a little below.
However, before you continue, I would like to advise you to read a couple more popular articles on the subject of mods. For example, who are Emo, who is called Vanilka, who is Chelkasty, what does the word Fakboy mean, etc.
So let's continue what does Gothic mean? This term was borrowed from the English language " gotic", and translates as" rude "," cruel "," barbaric ".
Gothic is a medieval style (eerily majestic) of Western European architecture, which is distinguished by gabled buildings, an abundance of stone carvings, pointed vaults, and many ominous sculptural decorations
Initially, this movement consisted exclusively of adolescents and young people, but over time, the range of ages has expanded, and it is no longer surprising to see a fifty-year-old goth.
In fact, this trend completely lacks any ideology, as such. The only thing that unites all this motley audience is the desire for death, they are her aestheticize and cultivated.
It is clear that the Goths, like other movements, perceive themselves as a kind of protest against variegation, mass consumption, bad taste, etc. on cemetery where they conduct their primitive rituals.
True, if you think that the Goths are one of those who dream of cutting out of our mortal world, then you are greatly mistaken. Most of them appreciate and love life in all its manifestations, and they use their gloomy outfits and atypical make-up as shocking. The kids just want to be finally noticed and taken seriously. Although there are people who outwardly very much resemble Goths, but at the same time they are not, and they will be offended if you suddenly begin to class them as belonging to this subculture. For such individuals, the most important thing is shocking!
What do goths wear?
Now let's briefly talk about what the Goths are in their wardrobe. Every representative of this gloomy movement, who is a little bit self-respecting, has clothes in the store exclusively black flowers, sometimes decorated with silver ornaments or pastel inserts. Their jewelry is only made of noble silver, the Goths do not even tolerate gold. The fact is that the symbol of gold is sunlight, the joy of being, an excellent mood, and silver - many refer to the satellite of our planet - The moon, gloomy, dark and mysterious.
Initially, goths they practically did not differ from punks, except for clothes of dark shades. But in our time, the Goths are a very vivid image that cannot be confused with any youth culture.
The canonical goth looks like a real vampire, as he is presented in Hollywood, he has a sickly white face, black clothes, and black hair, black eyes and lips are highly desirable. Hairstyle in the form of a mohawk, whiskey can be partially shaved, and painted in acid shades.
Recent fashion for gothic dresses among girls, stylized towards the end of the 19th century, it means abundant lace, hats and loose hair.
Nowadays, the so-called nude goths who prefer loose-fitting clothes, for example, various robes, wide T-shirts, short dresses in the style of urban (urban).
Now there are quite a few currents that borrowed a lot from the "labor". These include pastel goths, the fashion for which is only growing. And if for gothic the canon requires an abundance of black, then for pastel goths, exceptionally light, pastel shades in clothes.
Cyber Gothic is another interesting style that includes industrial, rivetheads, and the Goths. This subculture has developed among fans of industrial music. They can be distinguished from simple Goths by their acidic colors in clothes, dreadlocks and cyberlocks (the hairstyle that Decl had when he was popular with children), respirators or masks, goglam (strange glasses that look like welding),
Ushakov's Dictionary
Gothic
go tick, gothic, pl. No, wives (German Gotik). A distinctive style in European late Middle Ages architecture, characterized by pointed arches.
Efremova's Dictionary
Gothic
- f.
- The architectural style of the European Middle Ages, characterized by pointed structures, pointed vaults, an abundance of stained glass windows and sculptural ornaments.
- colloquial Works of architectural, sculptural, ornamental art created in this style.
Ozhegov Dictionary
G O TIKA, and, f. The style of medieval Western European architecture, characterized by pointed structures, pointed vaults, an abundance of stone carvings and sculptural decorations.
| adj. Gothic, oh, oh. Gothic architecture. G. font (Latin letter with angular, elongated and pointed letters).
Culturology. Reference dictionary
Gothic
](ital. gotico, lit. - gothic, fr. gothique - from the name of the Germanic tribe Goths)
artistic style, mainly architectural, originated in the XII century. in France and in the late Middle Ages spread throughout Western Europe; Gothic architecture is characterized by pointed vaults on the ribs (ribs), an abundance of stone carvings and sculptural decorations, the use of stained-glass windows, as well as the subordination of architectural forms to a vertical rhythm.
an artistic style that completed the development of medieval art in Western, Central and partly Eastern Europe. The leading architectural type in this period is the city cathedral, unprecedented in height and vastness of interiors, with openwork towers, lancet windows, curved statues, intricate ornamentation and stained-glass windows.
encyclopedic Dictionary
Gothic
(from Italian gotico, lit. - Gothic, from the name of the Germanic tribe Goths), the artistic style (between the mid-12th and 15th-16th centuries), which completed the development of medieval art in the West, Central and partly East. Europe. In the Gothic, radical changes in the structure of medieval society were reflected. The city cathedral became the leading architectural type: the frame system of Gothic architecture (pointed arches rest on pillars; the lateral expansion of the cross vaults laid out on the ribs is transmitted by flying buttresses by flying buttresses) made it possible to create cathedral interiors unprecedented in height and vastness, cut through the walls with huge windows with multicolored stained-glass windows. The aspiration of the cathedral upward is expressed by gigantic openwork towers, pointed windows and portals, curved statues, and intricate ornamentation. Urban planning and civil architecture developed (residential buildings, town halls, shopping arcades, city towers with elegant decor). In sculpture, stained glass windows, pictorial and carved altars, miniatures, decorative items, the symbolic and allegorical structure is combined with new spiritual aspirations, lyrical emotions; interest in the real world, nature, and the wealth of experiences is expanding. In the 15-16 centuries. Gothic is replaced by the Renaissance.
Design. Glossary of terms
Gothic
GOTHIC (from ital. gotico, letters.- Gothic, from the name of the Germanic tribe is ready)- Gothic style, artistic style (between the middle of the XII and XV-XVI centuries), which completed the development of medieval art in Western, Central and partly Eastern Europe. In the Gothic, radical changes in the structure of medieval society were reflected. The city cathedral became the leading architectural type: the frame system of Gothic architecture (pointed arches rest on pillars; the lateral expansion of the cross vaults laid out on the ribs is transmitted by flying buttresses by flying buttresses) made it possible to create cathedral interiors unprecedented in height and vastness, cut through the walls with huge windows with multicolored stained-glass windows. The aspiration of the cathedral upward is expressed by gigantic openwork towers, pointed windows and portals, curved statues, and intricate ornamentation. Urban planning and civil architecture developed (residential buildings, town halls, shopping arcades, city towers with elegant decor). In sculpture, stained glass windows, pictorial and carved altars, miniatures, decorative items, the symbolic and allegorical structure is combined with new spiritual aspirations, lyrical emotions; interest in the real world, nature, and the wealth of experiences is expanding. In the XV-XVI centuries. Gothic is replaced by the Renaissance.
The medieval world in terms, names and titles
Gothic
gothic style (from it. gotico - Gothic, from the name of the German. tribe is ready) - artist. style, mainly architectural, dominated the art of medieval Europe from the XII to the XV-XVI centuries. The heyday of the city falls on the XIII-XIV centuries. The style originated in France; cradle of the city - Ile-de-France. The term was introduced by it theorists. Renaissance. The French aptly called the city "revived", "lancet" style. The main phenomenon of the city is the cathedral. Gothic. the temple in terms of it differs little from the Romanesque. At the heart of its long "ship" is the nave (a high, longitudinal hall, on both sides of which there are lower aisles). The center, the nave, together with the lateral ones, is crossed by a transverse hall (transept). The main feature of the Gothic. temple - cross ribbed vault of lancet shape. The use of a rib (pointed arc) is an excellent engineering solution of the Middle Ages, which made it possible to reduce the pressure of the vault on the walls, due to which the main pressure was distributed over individual supports - pillars, columns, etc. Due to this, the massiveness of the walls has decreased. The pointed arc, as it were, moved the axis of the temple: from horizontal it turned into a vertical one. Gothic. the temple rushed upward, its walls became lighter, more delicate, they were cut through by huge windows with multicolored stained-glass windows. A characteristic feature of the Gothic. temple - round stained glass windows (the so-called "roses"). The cathedral was decorated with pointed arches, portals, windows, openwork towers, statues, sculptural groups, ornaments and chimeras (fantastic figures of animals). Cathedrals were built by order of the mountains. communes and symbolized the power of the church and the freedom of cities. The cathedral was the architectural center of the city.
Outstanding works of the Gothic. architectures were created in France: the Church of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame Cathedral, Cathedral in Lana, Chartres Cathedral, cathedrals in Reims and Amiens, the Chapel of Louis IX, Saint-Chapelle's "Holy Chapel"; in Germany: cathedrals in Freiburg and Ulm, Cologne Cathedral; in England: Salisbury Cathedral, Canterbury Cathedral, Cathedral of Westminster Abbey (close to the city); in Italy - Milan Cathedral; in the Czech Republic - the Cathedral of St. Vita, etc. The most famous cycle of sculptures of the period is considered to be the sculptural decoration of the cathedral in Naumburg (Germany) - reliefs of the Passion of Christ (The Last Supper, Betrayal of Judas, Taking into custody) and 12 statues of the founders (donors) of the temple inside.
In the late year, in the XIV-XVI centuries, the Gothic developed. urban planning: construction of town halls, shopping malls, palaces, residential buildings. The era of the city - the heyday of book miniatures, enamels, art. weaving, decorative silverware, etc. Gothic. style combined into a single ensemble of artists. household items, furniture, clothing, jewelry and architecture.
Gothic builders cathedrals united in artel lodges. Freemasonry that emerged several centuries later used this form of organization and borrowed the very name - Freemasons (Freemasons).
Lit .: Dmitrieva N.A. A Brief History of Art. Issue 1. M., 1968; Lyaskovskaya O.F. French Gothic. M., 1973; History of art in foreign countries. Middle Ages, Renaissance / Ed. Ts.G. Nesselshraus. M., 1982; Sopotsinsky O.I. Art of the Western European Middle Ages. M., 1964.
Architectural vocabulary
Gothic
(from ital. gotico, lit. - Gothic, from the name of the Germanic tribe is ready)
Gothic style, artistic style (between the mid-12th and 15th-16th centuries), which completed the development of medieval art in Western, Central and partly Eastern Europe. In the Gothic, radical changes in the structure of medieval society were reflected. The city cathedral became the leading architectural type: the frame system of Gothic architecture (pointed arches rest on pillars; the lateral expansion of the cross vaults laid out on the ribs is transmitted by flying buttresses by flying buttresses) made it possible to create cathedral interiors unprecedented in height and vastness, cut through the walls with huge windows with multicolored stained-glass windows. The aspiration of the cathedral upward is expressed by gigantic openwork towers, pointed windows and portals, curved statues, and intricate ornamentation. Urban planning and civil architecture developed (residential buildings, town halls, shopping arcades, city towers with elegant decor). In sculpture, stained glass windows, pictorial and carved altars, miniatures, decorative items, the symbolic and allegorical structure is combined with new spiritual aspirations, lyrical emotions; interest in the real world, nature, and the wealth of experiences is expanding. In the 15-16 centuries. Gothic is replaced by the Renaissance.
the architectural style that prevailed in Europe from the 12th to the 15th centuries, which is characterized by pointed arches, ribbed rib vaults, transmitting a thrust to buttresses through flying buttresses; most notable for its temple architecture, which inspired a special religious feeling. Gothic temples with many windows flooded with light give the impression of aspiration upward.
(Architecture: An Illustrated Handbook, 2005)
(French gothique - from the name of the germ. tribe ready)
artistic style, mainly architectural, which replaced the Romanesque, which originated in the XII century in France, in the late Middle Ages spread throughout the West. Europe. The term Gothic, derived from the name of the Germanic tribe of the Goths, who destroyed Rome in 410 AD. e., arose in Italy during the Renaissance, as a negative characteristic of medieval art - Gothic, that is, barbaric, primitive and crude. Architecture played a leading role in Gothic art. Gothic cathedrals are based on a frame made of pillars (a bunch of columns) and ARROWS and VACKS leaning on them. The lateral spacing of the vault with the help of connecting semi-arches - ARKBUTANOV - is transferred to special powerful pillars-CONTRFORCES protruding outside the building, neutralizing this spacing. Thanks to the frame system, there was no need for massive external walls, which allowed the builders to fill the gaps between the pillars-buttresses with huge STAINED GLASS windows. The building built according to such a system created the illusion of a light, soaring structure, which was also emphasized by its decorative design. Usually cathedrals were richly decorated with openwork stone carvings and sculptures. An important place in the decorative design of buildings was occupied by ornament, built mainly on plant motifs. Most of the decoration was focused on the façade. Gothic architecture with its rational and solid construction, huge interior space was a manifestation of a bold human thought that rejected dogmatism, the inertia of Romanesque architecture with its dominance of heavy stone masses.
(Dictionary of architecture terms. Yusupov E.S., 1994)
For many people, the Gothic style is associated with Goths, crosses and black castles. But was everything so dull in the XII century, when this style just came into vogue? Of course not. Gothic is, first of all, lightness and sublimity. During this period, people began to strive for enlightenment and after that for something beautiful. Today we will talk in more detail about the Gothic style: where and as a result of what it appeared, the main representatives. In general, read it, it will be interesting.
Briefly about style
The word "Gothic" is the name of the style that prevailed in the Middle Ages. The French called Gothic the lancet style. This art dates back to the 12th century. (until the 15th century) It was at this time that the active struggle of the Catholic Church for power began in Europe. Therefore, all the art that was created during this period was aimed at raising the church and the faith.
New cathedrals were built, which were beautiful in themselves, and, complemented by sculpture and painting, looked simply divine. At this time, allegories were used by all artists. Now they began to lay hidden meaning in paintings, sculptures and even decorative items.
Main features
In short, Gothic is a style that contradicts everything that came before it.
Therefore, a form of art is formed that denies the classics and represents a natural development and modification of the Romanesque style.
Style features:
- Gothic is primarily about elevation and dynamics. All architecture strives upward and develops from the bottom up.
- All buildings built in the Gothic style were of great height. This effect was achieved not only by the walls, but also by the long, gabled roofs.
- Stained glass began to be used everywhere. They are doors and even ceilings.
- Arches became popular among architects of the 12th century, entrance and interior spaces were designed precisely in this architectural solution.
- Sculpture from the Gothic period became widespread. Sculptors now decorated not only interiors and exteriors, but also decorated the walls of the building.
Architecture
Mainly Gothic manifested itself precisely in architecture. After the heavy buildings built in the Romanesque style (with small windows and a minimum of decorative elements), people wanted something light and sublime.
Gothic satisfied this desire. This style of the Middle Ages is divided into three periods:
- Early. In the buildings of this period, the influence of the Romanesque style can still be traced. But nevertheless, the lightening of structures and vertical decor are already clearly observed. It was at this time that the departure of architects from cylindrical vaults appeared and can be traced. A well-thought-out system of columns and buttresses made it possible to make buildings lighter and more delicate. The most striking building of this period is the Notre Dame Cathedral.
- Mature. In churches of this period, a transition to frame structures can be traced. Instead of glass in the middle of the XIII century. start to use stained glass windows. The windows themselves, by the way, become elongated and take the form of a pointed arch. Almost all buildings of this period are complemented by sculptures and sculptural compositions. The most striking buildings of the mature Gothic are the cathedrals in Chartres and Reims.
- Late. During this period, sculpture gradually acquires not a biblical character, but an everyday one. Even though marble and stone sculptures adorned the walls of the church, scenes from the lives of ordinary people were the theme for creativity. The most striking buildings of the late Gothic are the cathedrals: the cathedral in Moulins and Milan.
Furniture
In Gothic it is sublimity and lightness. It is this effect that the craftsmen who made the furniture tried to achieve. First of all, in the everyday life of medieval people were such interior items as tables, chairs, chests.
The most widespread and demanded material was oak. Despite the heaviness of the material, carved chairs with a high back, tables on graceful legs and beds with openwork posts for a canopy came out from under the skillful hands of the master.
Despite the fact that Gothic is primarily about dynamics, medieval people often used static wrought iron gratings to decorate rooms. They were used to decorate fireplaces, less often windows.
Arts and crafts
Gothic is the art of the late Middle Ages. People preferred to use the decor items of the past, but in a new interpretation. Wine cups and vases were especially fond of. People did not strive for simplicity; they used church paraphernalia even in their own homes. Thus, on the tables in the living room one could see crosses and various figurines on the theme of biblical scenes. The room was often decorated with bas-reliefs and statues. They could be not only biblical, but also mythological.
Painting
The Gothic style is not only architecture and sculpture, it is also painting. It was in the XIII-XIV centuries. realism began to emerge. Of course, in the Gothic era it was not fully formed, but still the most significant works of that period, such as A. Lorenzetti's "Allegory of Good Government", the Van Eyck brothers "The Ghent Altar", were executed in the emerging style of naturalism.
The faces of all the main characters are quite believable, although the feelings depicted on them are sometimes too feigned. In general, during the Gothic period it was fashionable to depict bright moments of the manifestation of passions on icons. For example, the Mother of God very often on the canvases of artists is in a swoon, and on the faces of the women around her, explicit sorrow and compassion are written.
Almost every painting bore a religious character. The artists worked through every detail of their painting. There were no ill-considered moments, and not a single detail escaped the attention of the creator. After all, it was considered good taste to introduce allegories into your canvases. Therefore, you can find many works of Gothic artists, where images are detailed on the altar.
clothing
In the Gothic, not only architecture had elongated forms. There is also a tendency towards sharpness in clothes. In the XIII-XIV centuries. shoes with long pointed toes, pointed hats, and two-horned hats became popular. The hems of women's skirts are also lengthened.
Trails and long veils appear. Corsets are not out of fashion, but now girls are tightening dresses higher. Clothes with a high waist and a long, narrow skirt dominate. All this is sewn mainly from velvet, but silk does not go out of fashion. Sewing was used as decoration. Floral ornament predominates.
Men's fashion is also characterized by elongated shapes. But such clothes were preferred by the older generation. Young people sported cropped trousers and jackets. Men's suits, like women's ones, are decorated with gold embroidery with intricate ornamentation. Long powdered wigs are in vogue.
fr. gothique - from the name of the Germanic tribe Goths) is an artistic style, mainly architectural, which originated in the 12th century. in France and in the late Middle Ages spread throughout Western Europe; Gothic architecture is characterized by pointed vaults on the ribs (ribs), an abundance of stone carvings and sculptural decorations, the use of stained-glass windows, as well as the subordination of architectural forms to a vertical rhythm.
Excellent definition
Incomplete definition ↓
GOTHIC
ital. - gothic, germ. - Goths) - the artistic style of Western European art of the second half of the X ((- XV centuries.
The term "Gothic" was coined by the humanists of the Renaissance, who wanted to emphasize the "barbaric" character of medieval art by indicating its connection with the art of the Goths. In fact, the Gothic style had nothing to do with the Goths and was a natural development and modification of the Romanesque style.
Gothic art, like Romanesque, remained predominantly cult in purpose and religious in subject matter. It was called to embody church dogma in symbolic and allegorical images. But the Gothic developed in the context of the strengthening of cities, the formation of centralized states, the growth and strengthening of trade and craft, as well as court-knightly, that is, secular circles. Therefore, in Gothic art, interest in the inner world of a person appears, the range of topics expands, elements of realism arise.
The highest achievement of Gothic architecture in the field of architecture was the city cathedral - unprecedented in height and size. Its architectural forms are subject to a vertical rhythm. Pointed vaults, giant openwork towers on the western façade, tall stained-glass windows - everything symbolizes a rush to the sky. The richest decoration of the cathedral serves the same purpose: stone lace walls, statues, reliefs.
Sculpture - the main type of Gothic fine art - receives a new ideological and artistic content and new forms of expression. The numbness of the Romanesque statues was replaced by the mobility of the figures, their appeal to each other and to the audience, an interest arose in human beauty and his feelings. Even genre scenes, images of working life, folklore plots appear.
The book miniature was further developed, where interest in everyday life, in the landscape, as well as decorative and applied art, is noticeable.
In the XIV - XVI centuries. the Gothic was gradually replaced by the culture of the Renaissance.
Excellent definition
Incomplete definition ↓
