Start in science. Educational and research project "The world of school nicknames Presentation on the theme of linguistic features of school nicknames

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Project stages

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Own name

• a kind of social sign
• verbal talisman
• given without the participation of the carrier

THE HISTORY OF ANNOUNCEMENT

• Until the 10th century, the personal names of our ancestors were various signs of people, their actions, as well as objects of the outside world: Zavyal - lethargic, Balush - a spoiled person, Yarukha - evil, Batura - stubborn.
• After the baptism of Rus in the 10th century, among the Russians and other Eastern Slavs, the church introduced personal names in honor of Orthodox saints: Alexander, Peter (Greek), Victor, Marina, Tatiana (Latin); Svyatoslav, Love (Slav.)
• After the adoption of Christianity, the names "pre-Christian" began to be given as nicknames for appearance, physical disabilities, certain qualities, at the place of residence, because of superstitions: the nicknames of the village of Reshetiha: Karsaki, Pirozhok, Bublik.

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What is a nickname?

A nickname is a name given to a person according to some characteristic trait, property.

(Dictionary edited by S.I. Ozhegov)

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What is the difference between a nickname and a name?

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Nickname groups

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School nicknames

Nicknames are an extremely important part of the world of children. They are invented by children for children and exist in all schools, in all classes, cities and villages. Sometimes a nickname is so firmly assigned to a person that they generally cease to be called by name. There are quite popular nicknames - Crybaby, Yabeda, Small, Gray.

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Students consider ...

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CLASSIFICATION OF SCHOOL NAMES OF STUDENTS

• If earlier nicknames were given by the name or profession of an ancestor and were inherited, now most of the nicknames are given to schoolchildren from their surnames and names, for example, Kulasha (Sergey Kulagin), Dron (Alexander Doronichev), Hottabych (Anton Khabarov), Suslik (Anya Suleimanova ), Karas (Mikhail Karimov), Simon (Evgeny Simonov), Matvey (Sergey Matveev).
• In second place are the nicknames given to schoolchildren by their appearance: 220 volts, Doggie, Long-legged, Poodle.
• The next place is occupied by nicknames given to actions, character traits and, depending on the case: Pushkobryuk, Garik, Valya, Get-fan.

Some of the guys chose nicknames for themselves - nicknames used in Internet communication: cafe, Niki, Kenny, dj Mix.

Nicknames are created by schoolchildren very actively, which is explained by the psychological properties of adolescent children - the desire for the unusual, new.

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Summarize

• A person's nickname is more than just a means of communication. A nickname can arise both as a result of a long observation of a person, and instantly, by chance, when a well-spoken word is picked up by others.
• Like many other social phenomena, the nickname system is not only a form of solidarity, but also, for example, teasing and humiliation. The same nickname can serve as a manifestation of sympathy and be a means of insult.
• Nicknames are invented by someone who is allowed to be nicknamed by the children's community. Everyone else's attempts fail.
• After analyzing our school nicknames, finding out the reason for their appearance, we would like to help the children not react to them painfully and turn to the advice of a psychologist, if necessary.

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Speaking about the accuracy of the national language, one cannot but recall the wonderful words of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol:

“The Russian people are expressing themselves strongly! And if he rewards someone with a word, then it will go to his family and posterity, he will take him with him to the service, and to retirement, and to Petersburg, and to the end of the world. And no matter how cunning and ennoble your nickname later, even make the writing people take him out of the ancient princely family for a hired price, nothing will help: he will croak for himself in all the crow's throat, and will clearly say where the bird flew from. And there is nothing to add later, what is your nose or lips - one line outlines you all from head to toe. "

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References

1. Golanova E.I. How words arise. - M., 1989.
2. Gorbanevsky M.V. In the world of names and titles. - M., 1983.
3. Kodukhov V.I. Stories about synonyms. - M., 1984.
4. Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. - M., 1984.
5. Rosenthal D.E. Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. - M., 1976.
6. Suslova A.V., Superanskaya A.V. Modern Russian surnames. - M., 1984.
7. Shansky N.M. Words born in October. - M., 1980.

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Studying additional literature, we learned that a special branch of linguistics stands out - onomastics, which studies its own names. The proper names of people are studied by her section - anthroponymics. Researches of scientists in these areas are widely represented in scientific manuals, but in the school course of the Russian language there is not enough information about proper names. The reasons for the emergence of nicknames have not been investigated at all. When studying proper names in the 6th grade Russian language textbook in the vocabulary section, we find only one thing, that nicknames are written with a capital letter, no more information is given.

However, the study of nicknames is necessary, as nicknames are widespread in the school environment. Especially during adolescence. Sometimes they (nicknames) are the cause of disagreements and discord among schoolchildren, create difficulties in communication, since the student may assess his nickname as offensive.

This led to the choice of the topic of our research work: "The world of school nicknames."

We have designated

Field of study- proper names as a layer of vocabulary closely related to the life of each person.

Object of study- the nickname system that exists in school adolescence at a given time.

Research base- Pupils of 6-8 grades MBOU secondary school №2, Dimitrovgrad, Ulyanovsk region. We were interested in the problem of using nicknames by schoolchildren.

We consider this problem urgent:

Nicknames are most common among schoolchildren;

The nature of the emergence of nicknames is interesting, and acquaintance with this phenomenon can expand knowledge about the lexical composition of the language, that is, deepen knowledge of the Russian language as a whole;

The study of the nicknames of schoolchildren allows you to connect linguistic knowledge with life, apply existing knowledge in practice, increase observation (find interesting and unexplored next to yourself);

The work on the research topic will help to clarify the attitude of schoolchildren to nicknames and identify communication problems among students.

The hypothesis that

Tasks:

1. Study popular science literature on this topic;

2. Conduct a survey to study the characteristics of nicknames; 3. Make a card index of school nicknames;

4. Determine if all schoolchildren in adolescence have nicknames;

5. Establish what is the origin of nicknames, when they appeared;

6. Analyze the attitude of schoolchildren to nicknames.

Research stages. Research methods

Study of popular science literature, selection of theoretical material.

Conducting a questionnaire, processing the results.

Research paper writing.

Research methods:

Information collection method (study of popular science literature, observation);

Questioning;

Comparison;

Statistical research (counting, calculations).

Theoretical information From the history of the proper name

The names of the people are part of the history of the people. Every person living on Earth has at least one name. A person's name is a kind of social sign. It is customary to cherish them. History knows many examples when, for the right to bear this or that name or surname, there was a fierce struggle. Even in low-civilized tribes, the nameless person loses many of his rights. A simple example: among the Kwakiutl Indians, a borrower should not pledge something, but his name! And until he returns the debt, all members of the tribe consider this person nameless and do not call him by name. When parents choose a name for a child, they want it to be kind, affectionate, memorable, so that, like a verbal talisman, it calls to be happy and wise. The name is given to a person at birth, and the person himself does not in any way determine what his name will be. At a certain period of life, a person is given a nickname in addition to the name given at birth. Why is this happening?

The difference between names and nicknames

The proper name has a general meaning, without indicating the distinguishing feature of people who bear the same name. In addition, people with different external characteristics and different internal qualities may have the same name. The connection between the name and the person who carries this name is very vague and approximate. The speakers do not know why this person is named that way and not otherwise. As confirmation of this, an excerpt from L. Carroll's tale "Alice Through the Looking Glass": “- My name is Alice, and I ... - Quite a stupid name! - Humpty interrupted her impatiently. - What does it mean? - Does the name have to mean anything? - asked a puzzled Alice. “Without a doubt,” Humpty Dumpty snorted. - Personally, my name indicates the form that is inherent in me. Awesome shape! And with a name like yours, you can turn out to be any shape you want, even the ugliest. " A nickname is a person's unofficial name. Unlike a name, a nickname reflects the real properties and qualities of a person, thus fixing a special meaning that these properties and qualities had for others. In the dictionary of Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov, the following definition is given: "A nickname is a name given to a person according to some characteristic trait, property." Before the adoption of Christianity in Russia, such names were widespread that reflected various properties and qualities of people, features of character, behavior, speech, physical advantages and disadvantages, the time and sequence of the appearance of a child in the family. For example, in antiquity (before the adoption of Christianity) Russians had personal names Bear, Wolf, Hare, Korob, Zhdan, Menshoy, etc. to some extent predatory, Hare is a small person, cowardly, Korob is dense, striving to save everything. There were also nicknames by profession: Turner, Leatherworker, Carpenter. Such nicknames passed to the descendants of the named and turned into surnames.

Features of nicknames as a linguistic phenomenon

A nickname is an eternal phenomenon, it exists always and everywhere and can arise in any team. Even in a randomly assembled group of people (in a store, at a train station), one of those present can easily get a nickname, standing out from the crowd with their appearance, conspicuous behavior, mobility, speech, etc. Such nicknames do not last long. People disperse, and the nickname is forgotten. But where people are constantly in touch with each other, nicknames can be stable. Nicknames are stable for some people with a characteristic appearance or manners. N.V. Gogol wrote: “The Russian people are expressing themselves strongly! And if he rewards someone with a word, then it will go to his family and posterity, he will drag him with him to the service, and to retirement, and to Petersburg, and to the end of the world, and no matter how cunning and ennoble your field afterwards, - nothing will help: he will croak the nickname for itself into the crow's throat and say clearly where the bird flew from. " ("Dead Souls", v.1, ch.5) Children receive their first nicknames from their parents and close people. Each small child is endowed with different names, none of which is his official name (toddler, fidget, bib). There are personal and group nicknames (family, generic, collective). For example, "primers" (primary school children - a collective nickname). But how do nicknames come about? Research by scientists has shown that there are four basic principles of the origin of nicknames: in appearance, in place of birth, in character, in type of activity. But there are other nominations: for physical, intellectual qualities, for events or an incident in life. As a rule, a nickname appears in a person during adolescence. Nicknames are an extremely important part of the world of children. Nicknames are invented by children for children and become a model of a subtle and sophisticated system. The functions they perform in this case: - nominating the leaders of the microcommunity, - singling out from the group of rejected people, - distinguishing children with the same names, - emphasizing continuity along the ancestral line, - teasing and humiliation, - showing sympathy.

Practical research

1.Surname. Name. Middle name. 2. Class. 3. Do you have a nickname? 4. What is your nickname? 5. When did you get it? (at school (class), before school) 6. Who gave you the nickname? 7. Why did you get it? (according to family data, in appearance, in character traits, according to ancestral tradition, the incident happened to you, another) 8. Have you changed your nickname? 9. Do you find him offensive? 10. Do you call someone by your nickname? 11. Have you given a nickname to anyone? 12. How do you feel about having a nickname? (offended, do not pay attention, treat with humor, be proud) 13. Do you know all the nicknames of the students in your class? 14. Do you know the nicknames of children from other classes?

After collecting and analyzing information (254 students in grades 6-8 were interviewed) on the stated topic, we found the following: 32% of respondents have nicknames, of which 28% consider them offensive. 24% of survey participants stated the need for this phenomenon, the rest were divided as follows: 45% define nicknames as unnecessary, and 31% are indifferent. Among the criteria by which nicknames are given, the peculiarities of the surname (50%) and first name (22%) prevail, but the appearance and actions divided the remaining percentages in half (14% each).

Previous studies noted an increased level of students' interest in giving and wearing nicknames, but now the results of the survey give the right to declare a decrease in the popularity of this phenomenon. 23% of respondents are proud of the presence of a nickname or consider it popular, but 54% of students note disrespect or insult to their person, 31% agree with the existence of such a phenomenon in the children's collective. It should be noted that relative to age - class parallels, the indicators of attitudes towards nicknames as a social phenomenon differ. For example, pupils of the 6th grade (102 respondents) actively participate in the definition of nicknames and react especially emotionally to their presence. But by the 8th grade (65 people took part in the survey), the indicators of active response to nicknames decrease and there is no need for them. But in each parallel, the majority of students believe that "a nickname is always bad, because a person has his own name."

How do nicknames affect children? (opinion of a school psychologist)

A nickname may be as pleasant for a person as it can inflict terrible psychological trauma on him. But the main thing is this reaction of the person himself to the nickname. It depends on the temperament of the person - the melancholic, for example, will cry, and the choleric will get into a fight, as well as on the relationship with the person who gave the nickname. Basically, nicknames appear in a transitional age, when communication with others is very important for a person, and nickname exchange becomes a kind of game. But sometimes a nickname is so attached to a person that few people call him by name, and a name that contains an emotional connotation fades into the background. A nickname is not always a bad thing, because a person has his own name.

Advice: 1. Do not give in to emotions, do not pay attention to offensive words; 2. Learn to respond to the offender so that he no longer has a desire to pester you; 3. Go to the offender and ask why he says this about you; 4. Never offend another, do not give him a nickname, because you can be in his place.

Output

Like many other social phenomena, the nickname system is probably not only a form of solidarity, but also a source of other forms of social activity, such as teasing and humiliation. The same nickname can serve as a manifestation of sympathy and be a means of insult. Although the insult is a kind of recognition, in this case those who are denied a nickname are not recognized at all or hesitated to admit its existence.

Nicknames are given at different periods of life, and are most often known to a fairly limited circle of people. For example, as studies have shown, only the class team or only friends. Some have several nicknames, each of which is associated with belonging to a particular group.

Who comes up with nicknames? There is someone who is given a kind of nickname by the children's collective. Attempts by everyone else to come up with nicknames usually end in failure.

A nickname, perhaps, both to a pleasant person and to inflict terrible psychological trauma on him. But the main thing is this reaction of the person himself to the nickname. As we can see, this phenomenon is ineradicable, therefore, you need to learn to control your emotions.

Bibliography

Gogol "Dead Souls" .- M., 2004.

Gorbanevsky M.V. In the world of names and titles. - M., 1983.

Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. - M., 1984.

V.I. Kodukhov Stories about synonyms. - M., 1984.

Carroll "Alice Through the Looking Glass"

D.E. Rosenthal Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. - M., 1976.

Suslova A.V., Superanskaya A.V. Modern Russian surnames. - M., 1984.

The secret power of the name. V.A. Mironov. - M., 2000.

Russian language textbook Grade 6: Razumovskaya M.M. Lvova S.I. V. I. Kapinos Lvov V.V.

Edition: M .: Bustard, 2014

Shansky N.M. Words born in October. - M., 1980.

School folklore A.F.Belousov

Linguistics. Susanina, Akulenko.

Research area - proper names as a layer of vocabulary closely related to the life of each person. The object of the research is the nickname system that exists in school adolescence at a given period of time. The base of the research is students in grades 5-11.

The relevance of the study of nicknames of schoolchildren allows you to connect linguistic knowledge with life, increases observation and teaches you to find interesting and unexplored next to yourself. Nicknames are a widespread phenomenon among schoolchildren, they are present everywhere, familiarity with this phenomenon will help expand knowledge of the lexical composition of the Russian language. work on the topic will allow to find out the attitude of schoolchildren to nicknames and, therefore, to identify problems that arise in the process of communication between children when using nicknames.

OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH: Conduct a survey among students in order to study the characteristics of nicknames. Make a card index of school nicknames. Determine if all schoolchildren in adolescence have nicknames. Analyze the attitude of schoolchildren to nicknames.

Information from dictionaries A nickname is a name given to a person by some characteristic trait. Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. A nickname is a name given to a person according to some characteristic feature of his. Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. A nickname is a name given to a person in addition to his name, usually indicating any noticeable feature of his character, appearance, activity. Ushakov D.N. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language.

The History of Nicknames The emergence of nicknames is a phenomenon that is present everywhere. Nicknames were given by the name or profession of an ancestor and were inherited. Now most of the nicknames are given to schoolchildren from their names and surnames. Unlike the name, the nickname reflects not the desirable, but the real properties and qualities of the wearer and captures the special meaning that these properties and qualities had for others. Nicknames can be given to people at different periods of their lives, and in many cases they are known to a limited circle of people.

Bibliography. N.V. Gogol wrote: “The Russian people are expressing themselves strongly! And if he rewards someone with a word, then it will go to his family and posterity, he will drag him with him to the service, and to retirement, and to Petersburg, and to the end of the world, and no matter how cunning and ennoble your field afterwards, - nothing will help: he will croak the nickname for itself into the crow's throat and say clearly where the bird flew from. " ("Dead Souls", v.1, ch.5)

In the work of the linguist KN Davydova, nicknames are divided into three groups: 1) nicknames that refer to residents of some settlements as a whole 2) nicknames related to individual families - “family nicknames” 3) nicknames referring to individuals, - "personal nicknames" Nicknames that give a specific evaluative characteristic of individuals: 1. By outward appearance 2. By various (more often negative) character traits, behavior 3. By internal qualities 4. By the peculiarities of speech 5. By the place of former residence 6 . By the nickname of any of the relatives 7. Formed from the surname, first name

Results of the survey I conducted a survey among schoolchildren in the classes of our school. 1. Do you need nicknames? This question was answered "YES" (35%) of the students. 2. Nicknames are not needed - 55% of respondents answered.

The presence of nicknames The questionnaires showed that 20 out of 36 respondents have nicknames (in fact, much more, since some guys do not know that they have nicknames or are simply shy about their nicknames). Of these, 1 person considers it offensive, the rest are not offended. Sometimes they get offended - 2 people answered. 9 people got used to it.

Student survey Do the children themselves use nicknames? I received the following answers to this question: 1. I never use it, since there is a name for this - 14 people. 2. I use it, unless a person is against - 21 people. 3. I use it, even if a person does not like it - 1 person.

Rolan Bykov's film "Scarecrow", based on the story of Zheleznyakov, is one of the clearest examples of the negative impact of the nickname. It became one of the important factors in the attitude towards the main character, a 12-year-old girl, which almost led to a tragedy. Lena, like her grandfather, attaches much more importance to the inner content and moral health of her personality than to her appearance. Experiencing mistrust, envy, ill will, misunderstanding or even cruelty on the part of the adolescents around her, the betrayal of the boy who caused her a feeling of first love, Lena shows everyone an impressive example of disinterestedness, frankness, and human dignity. But everyone was teasing her Scarecrow.

Conclusions So, we can conclude that the nickname of a person is something more than just a means of communication. A nickname can arise both as a result of a long observation of a person, and instantly, by chance, when a well-spoken word is picked up by others. The same nickname can serve as a manifestation of sympathy and be a means of insult.

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Uzhirova Victoria

Research on school nicknames in school

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All-Russian competition of student research papers

"YOUTH, SCIENCE, CULTURE"

Direction - Humanities (Linguistics)

Educational research project

"The world of school nicknames"

Uzhirova Victoria Valerievna

student of grade 9, secondary school № 1

ZATO OZERNY Tver region

supervisor

Gontsova Galina Gennadievna,

teacher of Russian language and literature

Pos. ZATO Ozerny 2011-2012

Educational - research project "The world of school nicknames"

Target:

- To study the presence of nicknames and the peculiarities of their origin in schoolchildren 6-10

classes, their parents and teachers

- Analyze the attitude towards nicknames of children and adults.

Tasks

1. find literature on the history of nicknames;
2. conduct a survey of adults and schoolchildren;
3. find out if all schoolchildren in adolescence have nicknames;
4. establish what is the origin
5. nicknames when they appeared;
6. analyze the attitude of schoolchildren to nicknames;
7. find out the opinion of a psychologist about school nicknames;
8. systematize the collected material.

Hypothesis: there is an opinion that a nickname is an eternal category, it exists always and everywhere, nicknames are especially widespread among schoolchildren.

Is it so?

Project stages:

Stage I November - study of popular science literature, selection of theoretical material.

Stage II December - conducting social research, processing the results.

III stage January - description of the project results.

Explanatory note

Historical and linguistic analysis.The science of names deals with the analysis of the properties and qualities of proper names - onomastics. This name comes from the Greek word onomastike - "the art of naming." If they want to emphasize that only the names of people are meant, they use such a term - anthroponymy, derived from two Greek words: antropos - "person" and onyma - "name". He is engaged in nicknames - deanthroponymy.

They were interested in this science:

1. Chichagov V.K. From the history of personal names, patronymics and surnames.
2. A.A. Ugryumov Russian names.
3. A.V. Superanskaya What is your name?
4. Uspensky P.V. You and your name.

We got acquainted with these studies and gave preference to the works of A.A. Ugryumov. Russian names, A.V. Superanskoy What is your name?

All proper names are derived from common nouns. How did this happen? Researchers say that for this it is necessary to look into the depths of the centuries and trace the history of the appearance of “simple Russian names” in Russia.

Everyone knows about a major event at the end of the 10th century - the baptism of Rus, which took place during the years of manifestation of the Kiev prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich. The adoption by Ancient Rus of Christianity as a state religion, secured by the marriage of Vladimir with the Byzantine princess Anna, contributed to the strengthening of international relations of Russia. At the same time, Christian names were borrowed from Byzantium, which began to be given to people by the church (at baptism). These names were called real and were recorded in special books "Saints". What were the Byzantine names? The Greeks of the Byzantine era collected the best names for their common nouns. The list includes ancient Roman and Hebrew names. If we begin to consider Christian (canonical) names according to the meaning of the words from which they originated, we will immediately notice their own peculiarities in them. Almost all names of ancient Greek origin emphasize moral and physical dignity in people. Andrey is “courageous”, Sophia is “wise”. Roman people also celebrate the good in people: Victor - "winner", Valery - "healthy". Hebrews are addressed to God: Michael - "equal to God", Ilya - "the power of God."

So, the old Russian names arose on foreign soil and were artificially transplanted to Russia in the 10th century. They were difficult to pronounce. All names were changed and became similar to other words of the Russian language. Dionysius - Denis, Theodor - Fedor. Among the names borrowed from Byzantium, there were those that in Russian turned out to be consonant with common nouns. These include: Mardarius, Karp, Sosiy, Usfazan, Urvan, Macrina. It is especially easy to come up with all kinds of teasers and nicknames for such names.

After the revolution, after the separation of the church from the state, the creation of imitations begins. People sought to reflect the revolutionary events, as well as the ideology, moods and attributes of the revolution: Revolution, Oktyabrina, Iskar, Barricade, Electrophication, Tractor. In the 30s, there are names associated with the reality of that time. These are abbreviated names: Yunarma (young army), Isolde (made of ice), Gertrude (hero of labor). By the names of chemical elements and alloys: Radium, Helium, Steel. The names were given in honor of the heroes of books and films. Now the "backbone" is Russian names. Yegor, Pavla, Nastya, Daria began to return.

And what happened before, before the adoption of Christianity? Did the Russians have names? Of course there were. And the most interesting thing is that many of those old pre-Christian names that have been preserved in the annals, in various letters, are very similar to the nicknames given to each other by the children: Red, Lame, Lanky, Stuttering, Clever, Eccentric, Bully. Now these names seem ridiculous to us. Most of the names were given according to the physical and moral properties of people, according to various circumstances of their life.

A child is expected in the family, Zhdan, Lyubim.

By birth order of children: Pervusha (first), Shestak (sixth) Bolshak (eldest son), Menshak (youngest son).

To protect the child from the action of evil forces, they gave the following names: Grief, Failure, Get Sick, Dung, Dog's Ear.

Many ancient Russian names somehow separated people, reflecting the properties of their character, appearance, physical disabilities. On these grounds, the largest number of names and nicknames were given. They were not ashamed of obscene nicknames, not thinking about the attitude of the named person to them: Beznos, Gray, Khripun, Silent. There were also those that reflected the profession, social status: Rich, Rybolov, Skomorokh. Names indicating the origin of a person from a certain area: Kazanets, Wise. There were names and nicknames reflecting the peculiarity of a person's lifestyle or speech: Dog Old Age (one old man repeated this phrase).

These Russian names from the 15th century began to turn into nicknames.

This is the fate of anthroponyms. There has been a transformation of proper names into a common noun. This phenomenon is called de-anthroponization.

Nickname - a name given to a person according to some characteristic feature, property.

We, schoolchildren, are very interested in nicknames, we all have or have had them. We collected material for research as follows: we came to the children in class and asked them to write their nicknames, all that they had during their life. In addition, it was suggested, if possible, to indicate when they arose, how long they existed or exist, indicate the environment of use, the prevalence among others.

Given name

1. a kind of social sign
2. verbal talisman
3. given without the participation of the carrier

THE HISTORY OF ANNOUNCEMENT

1. Until the 10th century, the personal names of our ancestors were various signs of people, their actions, as well as objects of the outside world:Wicked - lethargic, Balush - a mischievous person, Yarukha - evil, Batura - stubborn.
2. After the baptism of Russia in the 10th century, among the Russians and other Eastern Slavs, the church introduced personal names in honor of Orthodox saints:Alexander, Peter (Greek), Victor, Marina, Tatiana (Latin); Svyatoslav, Love (Slav.)
3. After the adoption of Christianity, the names "pre-Christian" began to be given as nicknames for appearance, physical disabilities, certain qualities, at the place of residence, because of superstitions:nicknames of the village of Reshetikha: Karsaki, Pirozhok, Bagel.

The main problematic issues that arise when evaluating and studying nicknames are as follows:

1. When and why did the nicknames appear?

1. What nicknames did great people have, how did they feel about it?

1. What is the peculiarity of the origin of school nicknames?
2. How to treat nicknames: fight? ignore? come up with?

Relevance

1. Nicknames are widespread among schoolchildren, however, their origin, features are poorly studied and underrepresented in educational and popular science literature
2. The emergence of nicknames is a phenomenon that is present everywhere, and acquaintance with this phenomenon will help expand knowledge of the lexical composition of the language and deepen knowledge of the Russian language in general.
3. The study of nicknames of schoolchildren allows you to connect linguistic knowledge with life, increases observation and teaches you to find interesting and unexplored next to yourself.
4. Work on the topic allows you to find out the attitude of schoolchildren to nicknames, and, therefore, to identify the problems that arise in the process of communication of children when using nicknames.

Nicknames are an integral part of the life of schoolchildren, an important part of their communication. They define interpersonal relations within the school collective, laconically and succinctly characterize the bearer and author of the nickname, the peculiarities of the situation in which the naming takes place. It is these factors that have determined the relevance of our work.

In 1980, the American psychologist Rom Hare and his colleagues conducted a study in the United States, a number of European and Arab countries, on the role of nicknames in the children's community. After examining about a thousand children, aged 5 to 15, they came to the conclusion that one of the main reasons for assigning nicknames is the desire to separate "us" from "strangers." Children who do not have nicknames may be considered too insignificant by their peers."To have a nickname means to have some quality that deserves the attention of the community, even if that attention is not entirely pleasant."

Nicknames-name-calling (Tolstoy, Snotty, etc.) can be assigned by group leaders to show which one should not be. Holders of such nicknames become examples of violations of the standards or norms of this group. Nicknames make it clear what is acceptable in their community and what is not. The nicknames "Dumb" or "Scarecrow" are not necessarily the most stupid or sloppy kids in the group, but those who voluntarily endure humiliation, being a symbol of childish greed, slovenliness or laziness. Nicknames, understandable only to initiates, allow children to feel their isolation, to convey secret information unknown even to those children to whom these nicknames refer.
Children learn to give each other nicknames from adults. Indeed, nicknames and nicknames are present in the life of adults: from affectionate household nicknames to thieves' nicknames denoting the place occupied by the bearer of a nickname in the criminal environment. By the way, the researchers note that different nicknames are used in different cultures, for example, for the Arab countries ridicule of physical disabilities is characteristic, and in Japan analogies with animals or insects are more often used. And although in adult culture, nicknames have a certain symbolic meaning, and their carriers can be proud of their nickname, but it is equally offensive for a child to be branded as a "Seal" or "Fatrest" among their peers. And the meaning of children's nicknames is usually somewhat different.
Here are the main reasons children call each other:
1. Aggression (a conscious desire to offend, annoy, anger a peer).

2. The desire to attract attention (the one you tease or others):
- game (teasing perceives name-calling as a fun game, attracting the attention of a peer, not intending to offend him);

Provocation (the teasing person realizes that he offends a peer, but thus seeks to provoke him to take active actions, for example, make him chase after himself, fight, accept a challenge);

Joke (not so much wants to offend a comrade, but seeks to amuse others);
- self-affirmation (a teasing one deliberately insults a peer in order to humiliate him and stand out in the eyes of others, "put him in his place", to establish a leadership position).

3. Revenge (an offended or humiliated child begins to tease the offender, especially if he cannot respond physically; he does the same out of envy).
It also happens that a child calls names unintentionally, not out of malice - the teasing one does not understand that the other is offended, he is used to noting the features of others, identifying their characteristic features, for example, comparing them with animals. Perhaps at home it is customary for him to reward each other with nicknames, and this does not offend anyone.
It is necessary to be especially sensitive and attentive with peers who have objective grounds for experiencing. We are talking about children with various defects in appearance, for example, a noticeable birthmark, lameness, strabismus, etc. In this case, a lot depends on us: in the family, we need to help the child to treat his disadvantage correctly, and in the classroom team - to put an end to all sorts of nicknames and bullying.
Theoretical aspects of the problem under consideration.

Nicknames - an extremely important part of the world of children. They are invented by children for children and exist in all schools, in all classes, cities and villages. Sometimes a nickname is so firmly assigned to a person that they generally cease to be called by name. There are quite popular nicknames -Crybaby, Yabeda, Small, Gray.

Classification of students' school nicknames

1. If earlier nicknames were given by the name or profession of an ancestor and were inherited, now most of the nicknames are given to schoolchildren from their surnames and names,for example, Kulasha (Sergey Kulagin), Dron (Alexander Doronichev), Hottabych (Anton Khabarov), Gopher (Anya Suleimanova), Karas (Mikhail Karimov), Simon (Evgeny Simonov), Matvey (Sergey Matveev).
2. In second place are the nicknames given to schoolchildren by their appearance:220 volts, Doggie, Long-legged, Poodle.
3. The next place is taken by nicknames, data on actions, character traits and, depending on the case:Pushkobryuk, Garik, Valya, Get-fan.
4. Some of the guys chose nicknames for themselves - nicknames used in Internet communication: cafe, Niki, Kenny, dj Mix

Let's turn to the literature. Own names are often used as nicknames. In fairy tales, proper names are given, mainly, according to the appearance of the hero, but there are those who are named so according to the nature of their activities. For example, Cinderella is named so because she was always in ash, Thumbelina - an inch in height, Winnie the Pooh - fluffy, small, plump, Snow White - white as snow, Aibolit and Moidodyr (by occupation), Sleeping Beauty (. according to the characteristics of character, behavior, habits of a person)

Nicknames are created by schoolchildren very actively, which is explained by the psychological properties of adolescent children - the desire for the unusual, new.

Unlike the name, which represents the qualities of the child desired by the parents and the alleged external data, the nickname, although not always, reflects the real properties and qualities of a person.

The name is given from birth and is known to everyone, the nickname is at a certain period of life and is known to a narrow circle of people.

From a linguistic point of view, nicknames are divided into three groups:

1. associated with a specific area;

2. family nicknames;

3. personal nicknames.

Nicknames are the essence of a specific evaluative characteristic, reflecting:

1. external signs;
2. various properties of character, behavior, internal qualities;
3. features of speech;
4. family characteristics.

The main functions of nicknames are:

Nominating micro-community leaders;

Separation of the rejected people from the group;

Distinguishing children with the same names;

Emphasizing ancestral lineage;

Teasing and humiliation;

Showing sympathy.

The next question is: how do nicknames change with the age of the guys? Analyzing the questionnaires, we noticed that many nicknames appear with the arrival of children to school, then their number slowly but steadily grows in the 9th grade, and sharply decreases in the 10-11th grade. Why it happens? This is another question that must be answered.

Some other facts that we have noticed are also noteworthy. For example, the fact that some schoolchildren do not have nicknames, while others have their number at the same time reaches ten. And these nicknames are not always used in different places, sometimes in the same team. Why do some guys keep the same nickname throughout their school life, while others often have one nickname replaced by another?

Where there are more friendly relations in the classroom, higher academic performance, there are fewer nicknames: the general cultural background affects.

The main question is: why do we need nicknames at all, including for schoolchildren? Some people, especially adults, think that nicknames like smoking are harmful and unnecessary. This is often the case. But, for example, in the class there are five Sash or four Tanya, and then nicknames help in communication. And it would simply be boring without nicknames, the opportunity to fantasize and laugh in a good way would disappear.

Many historical figures had nicknames associated with some kind of merit, event, personality, or the name of the area.

The great ancient Greek commander Alexander the Great got the nickname because at first he was a king in Macedonia

In 1861, Alexander II promulgated the Manifesto on the emancipation of the peasants and the abolition of serfdom. For this he was nicknamed the Liberator.

Yaroslav, who ruled in Kiev in the 11th century, built many cities and cathedrals, opened libraries, introduced the first single law in the history of Russia - "Russian Truth". For this, the people called him the Wise.

But for many, even historical figures, nicknames were focused either on external signs, or on activity, or were of a satirical nature. Sometimes nicknames are given to shorten complex names or surnames.

The impact of nicknames on schoolchildren

Psychologists warn that you need to treat children's nicknames and nicknames with due attention: the threat of conflict over their use is actually very serious. Nicknames are reflected in the psyche of children and can seriously affect the future life.

The desire to become one's own in the team, to win the favor of classmates can push a child to unseemly actions. I have already spoken about the voluntarily accepted role of the jester, about the fact that the child turns into a thoughtless follower of the aggressor. Let me give you another example.
In 1981, American psychologists Achenbach and Edelbrock conducted a study, the results of which showed that "a child's confidence in his position can contribute to the development of his skills in life in a team, and peer rejection leads to the development of isolation, but does not lead to a weakening of those traits that it is called ". In addition, the difficulty in relations with peers that appeared in childhood is often a harbinger of emotional distress in the future.
In a number of works by domestic and foreign psychologists, it is noted that unfavorable relationships in the team contribute to the emergence of persistent negative experiences in the child, the disappearance of self-confidence and a decrease in the ability and desire to learn. They are often the reason for premature leaving school. The lack of social recognition and communication is compensated by the search for an out-of-school peer circle characterized by unlawful behavior. Bad classroom relationships have other negative consequences.
Poor relationships with classmates can lead to poor academic performance. The child loses the desire to go to school, he may develop various neurotic and even mental disorders. The worst thing is that regular bullying can provoke a suicide attempt or an attempt on one of the persecutors. Once a quiet and downtrodden eighth-grader Pasha brought a penknife to school, with which he wounded Yegor, who was constantly sticking to him.
Bullying causes irreparable damage not only to the psyche of the victim. The situation of bullying is no less harmful for persecutors and observers. They risk remaining weak-willed pawns in the hands of the stronger and more adventurous. And the decision made under the influence of the majority, contrary to the voice of conscience, and the constant fear of being in the victim's place contribute to a decrease in self-esteem, a loss of self-respect. The instigators are corrupted by impunity, they learn that such methods can be used to control others.
The class in which the bullying takes place cannot be spoken of as a collective. The unification took place not due to mutual sympathy or common interests, but out of necessity - the children simply have nowhere to go. In such a group, there is no dynamics, the relationship does not develop, but freezes, taking an ugly form. It is even more likely that if the one who is being bullied leaves, a new outcast will appear in the class, since this is the only possible way of building relationships that the children have learned.
Based on the above problems, psychologists advise:

1. Don't give in to your emotions and don't pay attention to hurtful words.
2. Learn to respond to the offender so that he no longer has a desire to pester you.
3. Go to the abuser and ask why he says this about you.

Practical research

As part of a practical study, 105 students of grades 6-10, parents and teachers were interviewed.

The following data were obtained: 79 out of 105 respondents had nicknames at one time or another in their life, 26 did not.

By the time of occurrence, out of 79 respondents, 70 indicated their school age, 6 - before school, 3 could not answer this question.

When asked what the nickname was connected with, 29 replied that it was with a surname, 14 - with features of appearance, 13 - random, 3 - with character traits.

On the question Have you given nicknames to anyone? 98 people were interviewed: 68 - admitted that they gave, and 30 people answered negatively.

In relation to nicknames, 71 people were interviewed, of which 42 people answered - with humor, 6 - were offended, 23 - did not pay attention.

Comparing the obtained data with statistical data, in the framework of other studies, we determined that about half of the schoolchildren had nicknames, and 72% were still offended by nicknames. When asked about the significance of nicknames, 39% of the respondents considered that nicknames are needed, 23% answered negatively, and 38% answered that it did not matter to them.

This comparative analysis highlighted the problem of students' reluctance to admit the presence of nicknames and their negative meaning.

Our research helped to find out that school nicknames contain the following information:

1) nicknames identify some of the unique properties and characteristics of the addressee of the nickname;

2) indicate the location of the addressee in the team;

3) establish hierarchical relationships of individuals in the closed environment in which they communicate;

Conclusion

Like many other social phenomena, the nickname system is probably not only a form of solidarity, but also a source of other forms of social activity, such as teasing and humiliation. The same nickname can serve as a manifestation of sympathy and be a means of insult. Although the insult is a kind of recognition, while those approximately 48% of those who are denied a nickname are not recognized at all

Nicknames can be given to people at different periods of their lives, and in many cases they are known to a rather limited circle of people. For example, only the class team or only friends. Many people have several nicknames, and each of them seems to be associated with belonging to a particular group.

Who comes up with nicknames? The limited data available to linguists suggests that there is someone who has been granted some sort of nickname license by the children's community. Attempts by everyone else to come up with nicknames usually end in failure. After analyzing, finding out, help not to react.

conclusions

- most schoolchildren have nicknames, but not offensive ones;

Nicknames are known to a small circle of people;

Our parents' nicknames were much less common;

Many children do not understand why they got nicknames;

All children give nicknames to their peers.

Let's cleanse our language of unnecessary and sometimes offensive words!
Let's treat each other with respect and don't spoil our beautiful native Russian!