Chronicle. Presentation "Russian chronicles" Download presentation on literature of the 16th century
Chronicle:
Chronicle vault, which in the scientific literature has been given the name Nikonovsky, was compiled at the end of the 20s of the 16th century by Metropolitan Daniel of Ryazanets and was a significant event in Russian medieval historiography that had a great influence on subsequent annals.
Facial annalistic vault Ivan the Terrible, or Tsar Kniga - a chronicle of events in world and especially Russian history, created in the 60-70s especially for the Tsar's library in a single copy. The word "obverse" in the title of the Code means illustrated, with images "in faces".
Consists of 10 volumes, containing about 10 thousand sheets of rag paper, decorated with more than 16 thousand miniatures. Covers the period "from the creation of the world" to 1567.
A remarkable work appeared in the literature of the 16th century "Steppe Book"... It contained portraits - descriptions of the great princes and metropolitans from Vladimir to Ivan IV, the book affirmed the inviolability of the union of church and state.
Publicistic and historical works have become widespread. "Chronograph","The Tale of the Babylonian Kingdom", "The Tale of the Beginning of Moscow", in these books the great princely power was exalted and the role of Russia in world history was affirmed.
| In what has come down to us "Chronograph" 1512, the presentation of world history is from the "creation of the world." Then it talks about the Assyrian and Persian kingdoms, about Alexander the Great, etc. A special chapter is devoted to "the beginning of the kingdom of Christian kings", after which the events Russian history are increasingly common. The Chronograph of 1512 ends with a story about the capture of Constantinople by the Turks. The handbook of Russian literature of the 16th century was "Domostroy". Most of the articles included in Domostroy are written in living Russian. His speech is simple in the folk way, accurate in the choice of words, and in places unintentionally beautiful and figurative, coinciding with the proverbs that have survived to the present day, and repeating them (for example, "the sword does not cut the head bowed, but the word hurts meekly"). "Domostroy" covered literally all aspects of human life, from moral norms, recommendations for raising children and family relationships, to culinary recipes. "Domostroy" was a kind of set of rules and norms of behavior that served as a reference book for Russian society for a long time. The highest achievement of the literature of Ancient Russia of this time - "The Tale of Peter and Fevronia of Murom". Peter and Fevronia were venerated as saints in Murom as early as the 15th century, in 1547 they were canonized, and the story about them was perceived as a life. The plot of the "Tale" undoubtedly reflected folklore features: the motives of the tale of the hero-snake-fighter and the tale of the wise maiden. |
The language of 16th century literature. 7 classes.
Official literary and historical works were written during this period in an elated and solemn style. The monumentality of forms, that splendor, decorativeness and cumbersome "theatricality", which was so revered by the scribes of the 16th century, come to the fore. - the century of "second monumentalism".
The language of the "Tale of Peter and Fevronia"
The author of the story constantly uses old book unions - Asche, like, others like and special forms. Epithets: God's gift, a single table, a faithful prince, a dull voice. Comparisons: like psi barking, like a single mouth. Phraseological combinations: serve righteously, establish a feast.
However, more and more elements of lively colloquial speech were poured into Russian writing.
Great Russian speech serves as a life-giving source that nourishes the language of business documents in comparison with the language of business writing in ancient Russia.
The language of business writing is represented by official business documents: petitions- petitions to appear in court, for exemption from duties; diplomas spiritual, deeds of sale, security; judicial officers - codes of laws; private correspondence: letters, personal notes, fairy tales.
The meanings of the words have changed: forehead has ceased to mean "skull", leprosy(harm) is now just the name of the disease.
Comes into use terminological vocabulary:
Put on a horse - go hiking
duma - advice, agreement
live for one - to be in union, in peace
kiss the cross - take an oath
sadder - patron, protector
Gat- The road through the swamp from the bulk earth and brushwood
murderer - killer
tokmo - only
more - more, better
to play the game of death - to fight, to fight
fiercely - firmly, steadfastly
dashing - evil, evil deed
saint - righteous, minister
ostensibly - as if
scold - scold
hawker - drunkard
bag - a bag for storing money
interpreter - translator
very much - because
Grades 5-6 are heroes of the 16th century literature.
"Life of Peter and Fevronya of Murom"
In the middle of the 16th century, the priest Yermolai-Erasmus writes the life of two semi-legendary heroes - Prince Peter and Princess Fevronya of Murom - these heroes underlie the Day of Love and Family Well-being, which is now celebrated in Russia.
In the 15th - 16th centuries, the first lives of the holy fools were created: Procopius of Ustyug, Basil the Blessed, etc.
Such is the life of the Murom prince Constantine and his sons Mikhail and Fyodor, which tells about the baptism of the Murom land - these princes are known only from their lives.
This also includes the story of Mercury of Smolensk - a young man, the owner of a miracle sword, who saved Smolensk from the army of Khan Batu and, as a result, sacrificed himself.
Gains great importance in the XVI century. journalism. In the publicistic works of Ivan the Terrible, Andrei Kurbsky, Ivan Peresvetov, the most important problems of state administration, the relationship between the sovereign and subjects, the church and the grand ducal or royal power are raised.
In the writings of church hierarchs (Joseph Volotskiy, Nil Sorskiy, Metropolitan Daniel), polemics with heretics are conducted, social vices are exposed, and disputes are held on issues of church life.
The idea of regulating the circle of soulful reading was best realized by the gigantic codex created at the initiative of the Novgorod Archbishop Makarii (later Metropolitan) - the Great Menaion-Chetis - a collection of all the "holy books" that are "found" in Russia.
In the "Russian Chronograph" Elder Philotheus led to the idea that for sins "old Rome" fell, and "new Rome" "- Constantinople, too, fell, for by agreeing to union with the Catholics (at the Florentine Council of 1439), the Greeks changed Orthodoxy , and the time has come for the "third Rome" - Moscow. Moscow is the last Rome, “there will be no fourth Rome”.
Typography in Russia.
On March 1, 1564, the "cunning printers" Ivan Fedorov and his assistant Peter Mstislavets published the first book - Acts and Epistles of the Holy Apostles.
The first printer himself did a lot of editorial work on it, designed it according to all the rules of the printing art of that time. In this book, Ivan Fedorov made rich headpieces for each section, colorful vignettes at the top of the pages, and initials.
In the XVI century. Russian chronicle writing reaches the pinnacle of its development. Great chronicle vaults of a large volume and significant chronological coverage are being created.
In the first half of the XVI century. the most pronounced was the tradition of metropolitan annals. It is to him that the two largest chronicles of the Russian Middle Ages belong - Nikonovskaya and Voskresenskaya. The names given to him in the scientific literature are accidental: on the lists of both chronicles from the collection of the BAN, an insert entry by Patriarch Picon to the Resurrection New Jerusalem Monastery is read. In order to somehow distinguish these chronicles, one of them was called Nikonovskaya, and the other - Resurrection. In fact, these are different monuments of chronicle writing, united only by the nature of the generalizing vaults, which can be considered a typical feature of Russian book-writing of the 16th century.
Of these two chronicles, the first was compiled Nikonovskaya. It brings the exposition of Russian history to 1522. Its compilation was preceded by a great deal of work, which was headed by Metropolitan Daniel. Many pieces of information from the Nikon Chronicle are unique, they have no analogue in any other chronicle.
In terms of its tasks and principles of compilation, it turns out to be close to the Nikon Chronicle Resurrection Chronicle. It is a monument to the grand ducal chronicle and brings the account of events to 1541. Joasaph was named the last metropolitan in the early lists, and the name of the next Metropolitan Macarius, who was elevated to the metropolitan see in the spring of 1542, is inscribed above the line. Consequently, the Resurrection Chronicle was compiled at the end of 1541 or at the beginning of 1542. It is believed that it reflects the political position of Metropolitan Joasaph.
reference
The main sources for the Resurrection Chronicle for the Old Russian period (until the beginning of the 16th century) were the list of the Tsar's Sophia I Chronicle, in which a special editorial revision was made, and the Moscow Grand Ducal Code of 1479. The news of the Resurrection Chronicle for the period from 1522 to which breaks off the presentation in the Nikon Chronicle, until 1541 The corresponding fragment of the Resurrection Chronicle in the middle of the XVI century. was included in the oldest lists of the Nikon Chronicle - Obolensky and Patriarch, from which he passed into all later lists of this chronicle. Thus, the Nikon Chronicle sets out the events of 1522-1541. according to the Resurrection Chronicle.
The peculiarity of the Resurrection Chronicle is also that most of its copies date from a relatively early time - the middle of the 16th century. In general, the Resurrection Chronicle is much more traditional than the Nikon Chronicle, it follows the genre of the Old Russian Chronicle to a greater extent. The official historical works of the middle of the 16th century are related to the Resurrection Chronicle: "The Sovereign Generation" and "The Legend of the Princes of Vladimir". Apparently, it is the Resurrection Chronicle that Daniel Printz is referring to, who visited Russia as part of the German emperor's embassy in the 1570s. He writes that in the Russian chronicles the Rurik family is derived from the Roman emperors, but these chronicles are kept secret by the government.
In the middle of the XVI century. is created "Chronicler of the beginning of the kingdom", another official chronicle of secular origin. "The Chronicler of the Beginning of the Kingdom" (this is his self-name) describes in sufficient detail the foreign policy contacts of Russia, relying on the embassy documents and materials of the Discharge Order. The exposition begins in 1533, i.e. immediately after the death of Basil III and continues in different lists until 1552, 1556, 1558 and 1560.
The Chronicler of the Beginning of the Kingdom, brought to 1560, was included in the compilation of the annals, which in the scientific literature was called Chronicle of 1560 The main sources of the latter were the texts of the Resurrection and Nikon Chronicles. In addition, the 1560 Code includes the original news for the middle of the 16th century. This Code was involved in the compilation of the so-called Lvov Chronicle, which, like its source, brings the exposition to 1560. The Lvov Chronicle is named after its first publisher, the famous Russian educator N. A. Lvov.
The last monument of the all-Russian chronicle of the XVI century. became Facial annalistic set, created in the 1570s. in Aleksandrova Sloboda - the oprichnina residence of Ivan the Terrible. The obverse vault is the largest ancient Russian illustrated chronicle. It covers the entire history of mankind from the Creation of the world to the middle of the 16th century, i.e. connects chronograph and chronicle. According to the historian of the 18th century. Μ. M. Shcherbatov, who introduced the Facial Code into scientific circulation, there were sheets with text and miniatures, which narrated about the accession of Fyodor Ivanovich, i.e. about the events of 1584. Almost every piece of information from the Observatory of the Chronicle is accompanied by an illustration, and the page is often an illustration with a signature rather than a text with an illustration. The pictorial line here clearly dominates the text. Until now, 10 volumes of the Facial vault have survived, which include more than 16 thousand miniatures.
The so-called Synodal volume, which tells about the reign of Ivan the Terrible, was edited by an unknown, but, no doubt, a high-ranking person (D.N. Editing of sheets with already colored miniatures has been made in cursive handwriting. Taking into account this revision, the text was rewritten - this is how the final volume of the Observatory, known as the Royal Book, appeared. The obverse vault became the last monument of the all-Russian chronicle writing of the 16th century.
in the XVI century. along with the general Russian, there was also a local chronicle: Pskov, Novgorod, in regional monasteries.
Along with the general Russian, there was also a local chronicle. In most cases, it is possible to establish a specific place where the chronicle news was recorded. So, in the second half of the XVI century. was drawn up Pskov III Chronicle. Researchers believe that it is based on the Code of 1567, compiled on the basis of the Code of 1481 (i.e., the Pskov I Chronicle) in the Pskov-Caves Monastery by Abbot Korniliy or on his initiative. The original of the Pskov I Chronicle has survived, the so-called Stroyevsky list, dating from the middle of the 16th century, in which the main text was brought up to 1556, and then, until 1567, the annals were attributed at different times and in different handwritings.
During the bishopric in Novgorod, Archbishop Macarius (from 1542 Metropolitan of Moscow) at the Metropolitan See, on the basis of the Novgorod IV Chronicle, a compilation of the annals was compiled, bringing the exposition to 1539. It later became one of the sources of the Litsevoy Code, formed the basis of the Novgorod chronicle of the 17th century ., but reached in its original form: its fragment is read in the so-called Archival Chronicle, and the full text is in Novgorod Chronicle Dubrovsky. Drafting Code of 1539 researchers quite rightly associate it with Archbishop Macarius, and the seat of Novgorod bishops is named as the place of his creation.
A striking example of local annals is Solovetsky chronicler, created at the end of the 16th century. The narration in it begins with the vocation of Rurik, but the general Russian events are presented briefly, but the history of the Solovetsky monastery, as well as the events that took place on the server of Russia, are transmitted in detail.
In the second half of the XVI century. the chronicle genre is in crisis. On the one hand, voluminous annals are compiled, telling in maximum detail about Russian history. On the other hand, in the very last of these corpuses, the chronicle is combined with miniature and becomes an auxiliary means of historical narration. In parallel, historical works of a non-chronicle genre appear, for example, the Book of Degrees. In the 1570s. the official annals were interrupted for unclear reasons and resumed only in the 17th century.
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The presentation on the topic "Literature of the XVI century" (grade 3) can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Project subject: Literature. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you engage your classmates or audience. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the corresponding text under the player. The presentation contains 6 slide (s).
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Chronicle in Russian literature of the 16th century.
In Russian literature of the 16th century, annals continued to be its most widespread genre. Literature of the 16th century in Russia developed, like the whole country, moved forward. Therefore, there have been some changes in this literary genre.
The chroniclers began to see their task not only in recording the facts of the events that were taking place, but also in substantiating the events, giving a description of historical figures. In Russian literature of the 16th century, a wonderful work "The Steppe Book" appeared. It contained portraits - descriptions of the great princes and metropolitans from Vladimir to Ivan IV, the book affirmed the inviolability of the union of church and state.
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Russian literature of the 16th century was also noted with such a work as "The Chronicler of the Beginning of the Kingdom", the book narrated about the first years of the reign of Ivan the Terrible, spoke of the need for strong royal power. The Nikolaev Chronicle became a peculiar historical encyclopedia in Russian literature of the 16th century. This is a unique book, one of the lists of this book contained about 16 thousand magnificent miniatures, and was named the obverse vault. Publicistic and historical works were widely spread in Russian literature of the 16th century. "Chronograph", "The Tale of the Babylonian Kingdom", "The Tale of the Beginning of Moscow", in these books the great princely power was exalted and the role of Russia in world history was affirmed.
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The architecture of the work of architects - representatives of the Italian Renaissance, in fact, the entire architecture of the 16th century is under the sign of an increasing assimilation of the features of Italian architecture, the tent style - instead of a domed drum, there is a tall tower in the form of a tent, at the very top there is a small dome
Archangel Cathedral of M oskovsky Kremlya architect Aleviz Novy
Ivan the Great Bell Tower architect Bon Fryazin
Cathedral of the Intercession on the Moat (St. Basil's Cathedral)
Decorative decoration of the church - uzoroche
Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye
architect Fyodor Kon 'the walls of the White City in Moscow the fortress walls in Smolensk
Iconography - the depiction of theological concepts in visible images; complex plot; complication of the conceptual apparatus of icon-painting art; striving to reflect in one work of many specific events and ideas
frescoes mosaic
Four-part icon, 1547
Andrei Rublev Trinity
Dionysius Our Lady of Hodegetria Frescoes from the Ferapontov Monastery
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The presentation was prepared by the teacher of history and social studies of the MOU secondary school No. 3 of Komsomolsk-on-Amur Safonova Olga Vyacheslavovna Culture of Russia of the 16th century
Miniature
Typography around 1553 - the initial stage in the development of Russian typography; in 1563 the printing house of Ivan Fedorov was opened
Literature Records of oral and poetic folk art of this time have not survived. But some literary works, documents, for example Stoglav, cathedral epistles, etc., are mentioned about folk songs, merrymaking. Events of that era were reflected in fairy tales The genre of historical song flourishes
Folklore. Fairy Tales In “The Tale of Borma-Yaryzhka,” its hero, a simple Russian man, obtains for Tsar Ivan the Terrible signs of royal dignity in Babylon City. A similar plot developed in The Tale of the Kingdom of Babylon, but it deals with the regalia for the Byzantine emperor.
Folklore. Proverbs In proverbs and songs, sayings and riddles, words and teachings, live folk speech, well-aimed and sharp, was reflected. These are, for example, the proverbs that the Tsar the Terrible wrote in his message to the elders of the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery: “The king pays, but the huntsman does not favor”, “give freedom to the king, the other and the kennel”.
"Obverse Chronicle Collection" - a story about Russian history from the time of the first princes to the reign of Ivan the Terrible
"Domostroy" - home economics (reflections on raising children and family life, household advice)
Correspondence between Ivan the Terrible and Prince A.M. Kurbsky A. M. Kurbsky accused the tsar of cruelty and despotism; about the responsibility of the sovereign to the people, Ivan the Terrible defended his autocratic rights; not the king should serve the people, but the people - the king. "I am free to grant my servants, but I am also free to execute them"
Velikie Cheti-Menaion, Metropolitan Macarius Chetyi - books for reading mines - collections where works are arranged by day when it is recommended to read them Great Cheti-Menaia - a collection where the lives of the saints were arranged in the order of days when their memory was celebrated
Science and technology The flourishing of foundry - the school of foundry of Andrey Chokhov Tsar - cannon
Inventions - boyar servant Nikita made large wooden wings
Medicine - healers (doctors), the first pharmacy for the royal family, pharmacy order
Used materials from Internet resources http://www.russianculture.ru/fulle.asp?id=9 http://ru.wikipedia.org 5af8fc56bb0d.jpg Mitr_Makarij.jpg http://libhistory.ru/img/248527__29.jpg http://historydoc.edu.ru/attach.asp%3Fa_no%3D2123 http://bibliotekar.ru/rus/97.files/image003.jpg http://days.pravoslavie.ru/Images/ib3080.jpg http : //i046.radikal.ru/0810/05/b5dcca7bf669.jpg Smolensk fortress wall | The collection of Peter's monuments http://www.moscowvision.ru/img/sk91.jpg http://www.moscowvision.ru/img/sk321.jpg http://www.avialine.com/img/repphotos/repphoto_8267_1577.jpg moskov-tsarstvo.livejournal.com
