What are the production traditions of the Yamal peoples. Yanao indigenous folk festivals and traditions

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For centuries, for millennia, every nation has been adapting to the surrounding nature, striving to make the most of its resources. But, in all likelihood, nowhere on earth did this go so hard as in the Far North, where to this day the inhabitants of the tundra cannot move to a sedentary lifestyle. From early childhood, the inhabitants of the taiga and tundra assimilate the knowledge accumulated by generations. They know well the habits of animals, birds, fish, understand herbs, lichens and their nutritional properties. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug was formed on December 10, 1930. There is scant information about the ancient history of the indigenous peoples - the Nenets, Khanty, Selkups. The first sources in which there are references to the Nenets are the chronicles. 2. Historical development of the northern peoples

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The following indigenous northern peoples live on Yamal: Nenets, Khanty, Mansi, Selkups, Tatars. Nenets. The Nenets themselves call themselves Nenei Nenets (literally - a Nenets person, a Nenets person. The letter combination q is close in sound to the Russian language with aspiration). It is the most numerous of the 26 peoples of the Russian North - its number reaches 35 thousand people. About 22 thousand Nenets live in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug; they also inhabit the Nenets Okrug of the Arkhangelsk Region and the Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) Okrug of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Previously, the Nenets were called Samoyeds. The Nenets language belongs to the Samoyedic group of the Uralic family of languages. Khanty. There are about 21 thousand of them in Russia. They live in the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Districts, as well as in the Aleksandrovsky and Kargasoks Districts of the Tomsk Region. There are 7.3 thousand Khanty people living in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The former name was Ostyaks. 3. Nationalities of the indigenous peoples of the north

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Muncie. The number of this people is about 8 thousand people. They live mainly in the Khanty-Mansiysk district, in Yamal there are only a few of them. The former name is Voguls. The Khanty and Mansi (it is not customary to change these words in cases) are also called the Ob Ugrians, since they lived in the Ob River. The languages ​​Khanty and Mansi belong to the Ugric group of the Uralic seven languages. Selkups. (Ostyako-Samoyeds) are a people living in the east of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and numbering one and five thousand people. Their language belongs to the Samoyedic group of the Uralic family of languages. The above peoples are united by a common belonging to the Uralic family of languages ​​and ancestral residences in the territory adjacent to the Arctic Circle. Tatars. Tatars occupy a special place among the peoples of Yamal. There are about 27 thousand of them in Yamal, their language belongs to the Turkic group of languages. It is important to remember that the Siberian Tatars are also not an alien, but an indigenous Siberian people, since they have lived in Siberia from time immemorial and therefore differ from the Kazan, Crimean, Astrakhan Tatars.

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Now we will give the data concerning the newcomers. The most numerous in Yamal are Russians (there are about 300 thousand). This is followed by Ukrainians (86 thousand) and Belarusians (13 thousand). Less numerous Komi (outdated name - Zyryane) - 5.8 thousand people, their language belongs to the Finnish-Permian group of the Uralic family of languages. 4. Nationalities of the newcomer peoples of the north

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5. Oral folk art

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Sayings

A proverb is a short folk expression that characterizes a figurative folk one or another phenomenon of a person. A proverb differs from a proverb in that it is shorter and most often does not carry moral meaning. For example: Seven Fridays in a week >>; Put your teeth on the shelf >>; To rake in the heat with someone else's hands >>; After a rain on Thursday >> etc. And here is an interesting, in our opinion, northern proverb:

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Proverbs

The proverbs and sayings of the northern peoples often overlap with the Russians. For example: You can't scoop up water with a net. - Carry water in a sieve. Where the mouse runs, the arctic fox aspires there. - Where the needle goes, there is the thread. Every pine tree makes noise in its forest. - Each sandpiper praises its swamp. You can recognize a deer by a sled, a man by a hunt. - A bird can be seen from flight, and a person - from work. In an unkilled hazel grouse, feathers are not plucked. - Do not share the skin of an unkilled bear.

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Conspiracy (Spell)

A conspiracy is a verbal formula that supposedly has magical (supernatural) power. There are agricultural, hunting, medical, love and other conspiracies. Here is an example of the Nenets' appeal to the spirit - the Master of the lake before the start of fishing (written from a native of Yamal A. Serotetto):

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Master of this lake, where are you? People need you. According to shamans and clairvoyants, You are like a person, only your back is like a pike. Let him come to us! What will we promise for a good fish catch? Clairvoyant shamans said: "Let there be a man!"

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Mystery

Riddle - an allegorical description of an object or phenomenon, offered as a question for guessing. Here is the riddle of the Nenets writer Procopius Yavtysy: She, like a deer skin, Lies from sea to sea - Now red, then white, and then turns green. Goose down sweeps the tundra, And geese are nowhere to be found.

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Fairy tales

Probably, there is no person who would not like fairy tales in childhood. Many carry this love through their whole lives, only in adults these tales are called differently - science fiction, detective stories, a television series about love.In Russian fairy tales, the human mind most often triumphs over the strength of the animal. But in the fairy tales of the indigenous peoples of the North, animals often act as a teacher and mentor of a person.

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Song

For the peoples of the North, a song is something different from what we are used to. For Europeans, a song is either a solemn work, for example, a hymn, or a work created for entertainment, a verbal and musical accompaniment to everyday life. In the songs of the northern peoples - life itself, attitude to the world, its perception and feeling: kind, joyful, disturbing, tragic. In their songs, the Nenets, Khanty, Selkups express their soul, their feelings about even the most insignificant event in their life. What we say as if "to ourselves", inside our consciousness, the northern person is inclined to sing out loud: about himself, about his land, about his abilities and capabilities, about what he is most worried about at the moment.

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What my eye sees, I sing about that. What the ear hears, I sing about that. What my heart feels, I sing about that. Listen to my song - You will recognize my soul. (From a folk song)

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The first primer on Yamal was created by P.E. Khatanzeev, who grew up among the Khanty. His "Khanty - Book" was published in 1930. The first books in the Nenets language were published under the editorship of the Russian ethnographer G.D. Verbov, who, with the help of I.F. Nogo, and N. Salinder published two books in 1937: “Nenets Tales and Bylinas” and “A Concise Nenets-Russian Dictionary”. The first primer and textbook of the Selkup language were created by G.N. Prokofiev and E.D. Prokofieva in 1934 - 1935. The emergence of writing among the peoples of Yamal contributed to the formation of national culture and literature. Its origins were Ilya Konstantinovich Tyko Vylka (1886 - 1960), Ivan Fedorovich Nogo (1891 - 1947) and Ivan Grigorievich Istomin (1917 - 1988). 6. Creation of writing

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According to statistics, about 42 thousand representatives of indigenous peoples live in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District. This is 8% of the total population of the Autonomous Okrug. The most numerous ethnic group is the Nenets - almost 30 thousand people, the Khanty - 9.5 thousand and the Selkups - about 2 thousand people. About 40% of the indigenous peoples of Yamal lead a traditional nomadic lifestyle, this is 16.5 thousand people.

Each nation of the world has its own characteristics, which for them are absolutely normal and commonplace, but they very much surprise the outsider. The Nenets culture today is perceived as so exotic that it is hard to believe that in the age of high technologies somewhere in, and this is how the word "Yamal" is translated from Nenets, people still live in tents and wander.

In the camps, the ancient traditions of their ancestors are carefully preserved. Even now, guests will be welcomed in any tent according to all the rules of Nenets hospitality. Specialists of the Yamal-Nenets Regional Exhibition Complex named after I.S. Shemanovsky.

1. Arriving at the camp, you need to bypass all the chums and in each of them, according to the rules of hospitality, take a treat. If the guests did not enter some kind of tent, the owner may be offended.

2. They enter the chum, grasping the edges of the plague cover with one hand and turning over the left or right shoulder (depending on which side the “door” opens), with the same hand put the edge of the plague cover to its original position. To knock or pre-shout "Is there anyone in the plague?" not accepted. By the smoke from the chimney, by the leaning log or a long pole against the door, you can determine it yourself.

3. The hostess will certainly invite you to a small Nenets table, which is called tol. Kitchen utensils are placed on the high table "burrows".

4. The owner of the plague, seeing your empty cup, will pour you tea until you turn the cup upside down.

5. Guests - men are laid for the night from the middle of the chum to the sacred pole of the simza. Guests - women, on the contrary, are located from the middle to the exit - closer to the fresh air, away from the soot.

6 ... According to tundra etiquette, it is considered a big oversight to name an adult by name, in other cases it can even be perceived as an insult. Adults are addressed with a word meaning the degree of kinship, by the name of the eldest son or daughter.

7. The Nenets will treat you with sliced ​​bread, or they can "smash the fish" with a sharp blow on the table. "Mallet" is the same frozen fish, for example, muksun or omul. The fragments of the scattered fish, like a crystal vase, are laid out on a dish, but for ordinary meals. For guests and on holidays, stroganina is often prepared.

8. You can't sing at the table among the Nenets. The sign says: "you will sing everything".

9. It is not worth helping the hostess to clear the table, wash or wipe the dishes. It is believed that such help from guests can turn out to be a failure for the hostess, her table will become poorer, and all the luck will go to the guest. Neither man nor boy should touch the dishes. According to legend, from the clink of dishes, all the game will be frightened and run away.

10. It is not customary for the Nenets to leave before the end of the meal. If the guests are in a hurry, the hostess of the plague must hold onto the edge of the table, otherwise the guests will "take away" the wealth of her family.

11. It's a woman's job to build a house. Only the "weaker sex" is responsible for the construction of houses among the Nenets. They are also the owners of tents, who usually receive a dowry from their parents. The tundra Nenets family is called myad ter (“mya” - chum in Nenets) - which literally means “the contents of the chum” - household members.

12. The hearth circle on the floor of the plague has long been perceived as an entrance to the underworld. When the chum was disassembled and the hearth leaf was raised, a spot remained at this place, by which one can learn that there was a chum here. It is not allowed to put a hearth leaf on the same spot a second time, it is believed that this will injure the ground.

13. The nomads must clean up the territory after themselves, and burn the garbage. It was considered dangerous to leave at least a hair or a clipped nail in place of the former plague. Under it, it was believed, an evil spirit can destroy a person.

14. Children in the tundra play with the beaks of birds. The traditional Nenets Nenets doll Nukhuko is made of a beak that plays the role of a doll's head, with multi-colored strips of cloth sewn to it as a torso. Duck beak dolls are women, and goose dolls are men. The favorite toy of Nenets boys is deer antlers. They imagine that these are real reindeer teams, and rush one after another, depicting races.

15. Only the hostess can touch the hearth poles, the hearth hook. She speaks with flames, speaks prophecies about the crackling of firewood, smoke, strength and color of the flame.

16. Nenets bans ("khevy") are very strict. Children and even dogs must not dig or damage the ground in any way, play with fire and water (especially hit it with sticks). Violation was severely punished by the condemnation of relatives. In folk proverbs and sayings, educational wisdom was laid: "When hunting, know the measure", "Do not touch the eggs in the nest with your hands - the bird will leave them forever", "Never raise your hand on a deer", "Hold on to your own life - no one is for you will not do it. "

17. The Nenets eat horns. In summer, deer grow young, fur-covered antlers. They are called antlers and are considered a delicacy. Accidentally broken off in a reindeer crush or neatly cut off, the young antlers are first scorched over the fire, then scraped and removed from the bone part a delicious layer of skin.

18. The Nenets do not eat mushrooms because they are considered deer food.

19. During touching, a break to quench thirst and feed the reindeer is done on average every 25 km, in summer, every 5 km.

20. In the tundra, the hosts try not to let the guest go without a gift. Men are given a sheath with a knife, belts, garters for men's shoes (kitties), a shirt for a malitsa, a tobacco pouch or a smoking pipe. For women - cups, strips of multicolored cloth, bells, beads, chains, earrings, scarves, dressed deer paws, polar fox skin, a piece of beaver fur. For children - toys or things of the same age.

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Fairy tales There is probably no person who does not like fairy tales in childhood. Many people carry this love through their whole lives, only in adults these tales are called differently - science fiction, detective stories, a television series about love. In Russian fairy tales, the mind of a person most often triumphs over the strength of an animal. But in the fairy tales of the indigenous peoples of the North, animals often act as a teacher and mentor of a person.

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Research:

« Traditions and culture of the peoples of Yamal "

This research work is based on problem studying the traditions of the indigenous peoples of Yamal.

Relevance of the topic:

Yamal is a reserved corner of the earth, where it has been possible to preserve for many years the traditions and surprisingly original, in many respects unique culture of the aboriginal population of the Russian Arctic, which so enriches not only Russian, but also world culture. Knowledge of the traditions of the peoples of Yamal allows you to better understand the history and culture, as well as the emergence of such human values ​​as home, family, clan.

The purpose research of this problem is the study of traditions indigenous

peoples of Yamal, as part of the great culture of the Russian Federation.

Tasks:

get acquainted with the traditions of the Yamal aborigines;

fostering a sense of national identity and pride in their small homeland.

Research methods:

Analysis and study of literary sources about the traditions and culture of peoples

Many peoples live here,

but their song is about one thing:

“Yamal cannot be divided among all,

Yamal is our common home ”.

Each nation has its own unique SOUL - its faith, language, traditions and rituals, songs and dances. As long as the SOUL of the people lives, the people themselves live. The fate of the Yamal North and its peoples is inseparable from the fate of all of Russia. Culture is inseparable from Russian culture and makes up a worthy part of it. The peoples of Yamal, for all their differences, learn from each other and absorb all-Russian cultural values. They develop in dialogue with each other and with the country. Therefore, the main way of their existence is mutual recognition and respect, the exchange of achievements.

Traditional rituals and holidays of the peoples of the Far North are an integral part of the cultural life of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The historical memory of the aboriginal population of Yamal keeps many customs and traditions that have been formed over many centuries.

Household traditions of the YNAO aborigines

In ancient times, the entire surrounding world of the peoples of Yamal was filled with spirits. People treated things carefully and carefully, because spirits are associated with them. If things do not belong to man, then they belong to the spirit. The spirits of things must not be offended. It is important not only to know what things are intended for, but to follow the special rules for handling them. Traditions and everyday rituals of the Yamal aborigines are aimed at this.

a) Women's rituals.

There are rituals in which only initiated women participate. The woman is the keeper of the house. She should protect the house from dark spirits and pay off them by throwing pieces of food into the fire. The woman is also the keeper of the home fire. He, too, is capable of killing, but pacified by a woman, he gives life. Firewood is considered the food of fire. A woman makes sure that no firewood is scattered where people can step over and thus desecrate them, so that no one goes around the hearth against the sun, because movement against the sun is a dead circle. She makes sure that the fire burns evenly and calmly, and does not smoke, does not crack. If the fire smokes, it means that he is dissatisfied with people.

b) recreation and traditional games for adults.

Leisure is an integral part of any culture. In their free time from work, people have a rest. They play board games, arrange sports events, listen to the stories of old people, fairy tales, and legends. The Nenets learned from the Russians to play chess, checkers and cards. Nenets chess has a special kind, unusual for Europeans and Russians. The Nenets give the figures the appearance of tribesmen, shamans, chums and spirits, although the rules of the game remain the same as elsewhere. The inhabitants of the north love to compete with each other. During the holidays, they organize entire championships. They arrange reindeer sled races and take part in such races recklessly. They compete in throwing chanzan on troches, jumping over sledges, and pulling sticks. Reindeer sled racing is a beautiful and exciting sight. Strength competitions are very popular when participants take turns lifting weights or trying to move one another, standing on all fours pulling the belt worn around the necks of both competitors.

c) Children's games.

Since ancient times, games and toys have taught children how to work and how to behave (Appendix 8). Through games and toys, children discovered the world and values ​​of their people. Northern children love to play with toy deer, children's sleds, and bows. These are games "in the net", "in the dismantling of the caught fish", etc. Boys' games can be divided into four groups: domestic, hunting, reindeer and fishing. From the age of seven, the boys begin to do light work under the guidance of their father: they learn to lasso small tame deer, they begin to operate real sledges. As toys, children used to make bows with arrows, usually from willow twigs. In the old days, boys practiced on fixed targets, developed accuracy and visual acuity. Northern children often play "deer". They create a whole performance out of this: they imitate deer with movements and voice. Younger children depict dogs barking and driving away a scattering herd. Toys also teach children how to fish: nets made of pieces of netting, wooden boats, oars, fish traps - small weaves made of snout rods, gyms.

Toys for girls consist of dolls (Appendix 1) and a dollhouse. For the Nenets, a doll is a piece of cloth with stripes sewn onto it. For male dolls, the head is the beak of a goose. The female dolls have a head - the beak of a duck. Dolls do not have a face, arms or legs. They should not have any features of a human body. But instead of legs, arms and face, the doll has richly decorated clothes. Fur, scraps, beads, beads were selected so that the children saw a person in her and could play with her. In the past, Nenets dolls were a child deity. At 12-14 years old, a girl from the northern peoples must learn many female skills: dressing deer skins, fish skin, sewing clothes and shoes. The people of the camp judge the bride's skills by her children's toys.

Toys allow you to pass on the traditions of national art to children. National art consists in the decoration of things. Therefore, toys are often small and decorated household items.

Decorative and applied art of the peoples of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

a) The connection of folk arts and crafts with the traditions and everyday life of the peoples of the North.

Renowned experts assess the modern decorative art of the aboriginal population of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug as unique. It is especially valuable that the best examples of ancient northern art are still created by the hands of many, many Yamal masters and craftswomen. In total, there are more than six hundred folk craftsmen in our region. Every nation is a bearer of material culture, and a person who opens it to the world with his own hands and talent has a special, respectful name: in Russia - a master, among the Nenets - tenevan. In the natural tradition of the peoples of Yamal, practically everything that surrounds a person - his house, clothes, furniture, dishes, household utensils, even food - became a work of art. The entire man-made object world was marked by beauty and harmony. And in the Russian hut and in the Chukchi yaranga. Our district's business card is modern souvenir products (Appendix 4). Masters, creative people. Each of them perceives and conveys life in their own way in their works. But most of the works of Yamal masters are based on folk motives. The products of most of the craftsmen are exhibited almost all over Russia and abroad: Canada, Norway, Finland. Traditional folk arts and crafts of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug have centuries-old traditions and are associated with the life of the indigenous peoples of the North, who have long lived in this territory: the Nenets, Khanty, Selkups, Komi-Zyryans. Decorative folk art is closely related to the traditional way of life of reindeer breeders, fishermen and hunters. The folk art of the Yamal tundra people is not only a separate master and not only a community of people united by creativity, but also their natural environment. It grew out of a nomadic life with its customs and rituals. Living conditions and occupation ensured the close proximity of the Nenets, Khanty, Selkups to nature, and the natural conditions of the North themselves determined a number of psychophysiological characteristics of the people living there. A man in the tundra relies not only on experience, the ability to "read" the footprints of animals, knowledge of the habits of animals, their usual habitats, but also his own sensual, emotional world, which helps to "reincarnate" into it in a peculiar way, understanding the ancient instincts of animals and birds. In this case, not only personal experience comes into force, but also the experience of many generations, imprinted, in particular, in artistic creation.

Since the 90s of the last century, great attention has been paid to the preservation of the decorative and applied art of the peoples of Yamal. Bone carving, small sculpture, artistic processing of fur (suede), beading (Appendix 5), processing of birch bark, sewing from cloth and fabric (Appendix 7) were developed.

The work of uniting masters, providing them with methodological assistance, and studying traditional applied art was initially entrusted to the centers of national cultures. The District House of Crafts gave the craftsmen the opportunity to exchange experiences and ideas, to acquaint the inhabitants of the region with their work.

For the preservation of the national culture, the work of the masters of folklore RG Kelchin, LI Kelchina, N. Ye. Longortova, GA Puiko, E. L. Tesido, Ye. Susoy (Appendix 6).

Due to the territorial length of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, which covers the Arctic coast, tundra, forest-tundra, Ural and taiga zones, each territory has its own characteristics in the types of arts and crafts and the use of certain materials.

In the zone of the Arctic coast, partly in the Taz and Yamal regions, in addition to materials related to reindeer husbandry (fur, leather, suede, deer horn), materials related to fishing for sea animals (walrus tusk, seal skin) have long been widely used. In the taiga zone (Nadymsky, Krasnoselkupsky, Purovsky, Shuryshkarsky districts), wood, birch, herbs, root root were used. The skins of small fur-bearing animals (squirrel, ermine, chipmunk), as well as skins of game, fish (burbot, sturgeon) were widely used. Today, the main types of traditional folk arts and crafts of Yamal are:

Sewing of national clothes, footwear of peoples: Nenets, Khanty, Komi.

Artistic processing of bone, mammoth tusk, deer and elk
horns.

Artistic products made of fur, leather, cloth and beads (ceremonial products
and festive).

Wood carving.

Artistic processing of birch bark.

b) Traditional use of ornament in the artistic craft of the peoples of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

Ornament is actively used in artistic craft.

The composition of the ornament expresses the idea of ​​the forest Nenets about the unity and equivalence of two principles - light and dark, symbolizing light and darkness, winter and summer, male and female, good and evil (Appendix 5).

For different materials, different ways of depicting the ornament are used. Moreover, some objects were made by men, others by women. So, products made of leather, bone, wood were made by men. And of course, a woman coped better with a needle and beads.

Some peoples did not decorate fur clothing, decorating it only with a combination of dark and light fur. In any case, much attention was paid to decorating household items. Applying ornaments took as much time as making things. From ancient times, the idea is drawn that the thing is complete and ready only when it is covered with a pattern (Appendix 2, 3).

In ancient times, patterns on household items served not only as decoration. They gave things the properties of amulets and played the role of magical protection of the object itself and its owner. Pay attention to how the patterns * are positioned on the clothes. They decorated, first of all, the collars, sleeves, hem, that is, all the holes through which diseases or evil forces can penetrate inside.

Likewise, the patterns on the dishes should prevent the appearance and interference of unkind spirits. Ornamental patterns often have a specific meaning. They depict plants, animals, sun, moon, earth, fire. These drawings do not allow evil spirits to approach and attract good patrons of a person. By dressing in elegant ornamented clothes, a person protects himself from the spirits of the disease, which cannot penetrate through the magical protective pattern. Food in decorated dishes will be cleared of dark forces and will last for a long time. No harmful spirits will enter the dwelling decorated with a protective pattern. Man strove to protect himself with sacred patterns in any situation, at any time.

Currently, ornaments serve more as an ornament than a talisman. But their long-standing meaning can be deciphered by their names and images. The simplest geometric patterns depict earth and water (wavy line or zigzag). The circle represents the sky and the sun, the cross represents a person or a god.

The image of a frog is found in the ornaments of the Ob Ugrians. The Khanty called her Cape Kut them (“a woman living between the bumps”). The Mansi call her Navr ne ("swamp woman"). It would seem, why depict this creature in patterns, because there is no fishing for a frog. But in the ornaments, her image is constantly encountered. Either she is depicted as a whole, then only her head with bulging eyes is guessed. The fact is that the frog is the progenitor of the Mos people.

Mosmakhum (“the people of the Mos woman”) descended from Misne, this is how the Synsk Khanty called the frog. She could not be killed. Sacrifices were made to the progenitor. They depicted fur-bearing animals in the ornament, such as sable, hare, squirrel. Once they were considered totem animals. Birds were also the ancestors of genera. The eagle and nutcracker were considered the ancestors of the Selkups. In Selkup legends, heroes turned into an eagle, wood grouse and nutcracker in order to escape from inevitable death. Their image is often found in the patterns of this people. The image of a bird is also associated with ideas about the human soul. The Khanty knows the motive of a capercaillie on a tree. In the guise of a capercaillie, the "sleepy soul" of a person is depicted. It flies away during sleep, leaving the sleeping body. A man observes her travels in a dream. When the soul of the Capercaillie returns to the owner, he wakes up. The image of wood grouses was most often decorated with a baby's cradle so that sleep was restful.

c) Beaded jewelry is one of the types of traditional creativity of the peoples of the North.

One of the very interesting types of creativity of the peoples of the North is the art of making jewelry from beads (Appendix 5).

On the territory of our country, glassware, beads and beads were known among the peoples who inhabited it as early as 6-5 centuries BC. The production of beaded beads and jewelry reached its greatest flourishing at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century.

Southeastern part of Russia, in the regions of the Far North and the Far East.

The northerners have long adorned their fur clothes with bone balls, tubes, circles, they were sometimes even dyed. With the advent of fur buyers in the North, beads spread.

However, not every bead was suitable for the harsh northern conditions and could withstand frosts of more than minus forty degrees. Glass burst and fell. The craftswomen invented designs for beaded jewelry themselves or borrowed them from patterns of woven and embroidered products. Beaded ornaments are the simplest squares, triangles, crosses, checkers, etc. The range of products is wide enough: pendants for women's headdresses, belts, small napkins, wallets, bracelets and other jewelry. They look impressive, modern and elegant. The made jewelry goes well with clothes, complementing and decorating it. And in what we today call folk art, until relatively recently it was an integral part of life - the same as harvesting bread, grazing cattle or hunting sea animals.

d) Traditions of bone carving craft.

Bone carving craft is one of the types of human activity, and over the centuries the products of this craft have had very different meanings: from elementary household items and tools to highly artistic works of art, objects and luxury attributes (Appendix 4). But not all times a bone product was valued for its strength, quality of the material, and most importantly, for the skill of the author.

The indigenous inhabitants of the Yamal Peninsula - the Nenets - have long used the bone and antlers of deer as ornamental material. Many items of the traditional life of reindeer breeders have elements of horns or bones: the tip of a chorea, knife handles, a needle for weaving a fishing net, parts of a reindeer harness (buttons and fasteners of various shapes, a bridle) ...

Bone, for examplesmall joints of deer legs, often used as toys"Alchik", and the hollow bone of the swan wing is like a needle bed. In almost all northern peoples, the extraction and processing of bone (canineswalrus, mammoth bone, tusk and others) was limitedly included in the imagelife of sea animal hunters: harpoons, knives were made,spearheads, amulets.

And at present, in the territory of our district, bone products retain their utilitarian value, but, in addition to this, artistic processing of bone exists and is developing as a form of decorative and applied art. Professional master carvers create unique works, masterpieces of bone carving craft. Different types of bones used for artwork have their own characteristics that have to be taken into account when designing an object and its decorative processing.

The hardness of the bone allows you to make the finest openwork carving, but it makes you remember the extreme fragility of such a pattern.

Mammoth tusk has a beautiful texture in the form of a fine mesh, delicate, pleasant shades, yellowish color. Due to its hardness, durability, large size, mammoth tusk is the most valuable ornamental material. The plasticity of the tusks and the uniformity of their structure make it possible to use them for various sculptures.

Currently, craftsmen use ornamental bone of several types: tusks and mammoth bone, walrus tusks and teeth, simple animal bone. Elk and deer horns are used - their natural form awakens a variety of creative fantasies in the artist. Sculptural groups, art products, created at different times and gathered together, in their own way reveal the life and tastes of people, the line of development of the craft, the manner of the master. The art fund of the District House of Crafts has a rich collection of bone carving sculptures reflecting the work of Yamal craftsmen - bone carvers. Tradition, ethnographic originality as distinctive features of bone carving craft are the most attractive aspects of sculptural compositions. The indissoluble unity of man with nature largely determines the special freshness of Yamal art. Today we are witnessing the birth of a number of interesting artists. Based on ancient traditions, renewed by modern life, the art of Yamal masters is of great artistic value. Exhibitions of art products made of bone are often held in Salekhard. At such exhibitions, figures of great masters are presented ... But at the same time, the work of students is also presented. The exhibitions especially appreciate the bright originality and creative imagination of the author. In general, such exhibitions show that bone carving craft exists in Yamal, and I want to believe that the Yamal bone brand will become no less famous in Russia and the world than Tobolsk, Kholmogorsk and Yakutsk.

3. Traditions of the Yamal peoples in the manufacture and decoration of clothing.

One of the original types of northern folk decorative arts is sewing and decorating clothes, shoes and hats. For centuries, the skill of the primary processing of fur, dressing of skins, leather, the ability to dye fur and suede in various colors is carefully preserved by modern masters of artistic processing of fur and leather. For the manufacture of artistic fur products, deer, elk, seal, dog, fox, arctic fox, squirrel, and beaver fur are used. The need for comfortable and very warm clothing was dictated by nature. Fur clothing has been perfected over the centuries. Distinctive features of fur clothing: monumentality, austerity, a subtle sense of color, a harmonious combination of shades of fur and finishing materials - cloth or rovduga.

Men's winter clothing (Appendix 2) necessarily included a malitsa and an owl. This is the most perfect clothing for northern conditions. Malitsa is a fur underwear shirt with a hood and mittens sewn to it. The malitsa is decorated with a fur edging, without fail belted with a belt - no. The belt is decorated with pendants made of copper chains and openwork plaques. A scabbard with a knife is sewn to the belt. In winter, a parka is worn on top of the malitsa, which is decorated with an ornament of colored fur.

More sophisticated women's clothing (Appendix 3). This is a swinging fur coat - gentlemen. Pans are decorated with fur mosaics, tassels and edging made of colored cloth. The floors of the fur coat are tied with rovduzh cords. A cover made of cloth with ornaments is put on top of the pan. Outerwear is girded with long belts made of fabric, richly decorated with copper and tassels.

Shoes - kitties - were sewn from strips of kamus of two colors. The bootlegs were made high, above the knees. The sole was made of reindeer brushes. It turned out to be very warm shoes. Kitties were decorated with edging made of colored cloth and fur mosaic. Female kitties are prettier than male ones. Multi-colored narrow strips of fabric are inserted into the seams connecting the brown and white furs. These bright lines represent the roads the owner of the shoe walks.

Conclusion

The fate of the Yamal North and its peoples is inseparable from the fate of all of Russia. Culture is inseparable from Russian culture and makes up a worthy part of it. The peoples of Yamal, for all their differences, learn from each other and absorb all-Russian cultural values. They develop in dialogue with each other and with the country. Therefore, the main way of their existence is mutual recognition and respect, the exchange of achievements.

Without the indigenous peoples of the Yamal North, the history of mankind on the land of Russia could have been torn apart. No one would know how we all imagined ancient culture, how the most important values ​​of human life appeared: home, family, clan, god, friend. This means that no one could explain why we today have become what the whole world knows us, and what awaits us ahead.

Even peoples related to the Nenets, Khanty, Selkup, Komi, etc., but living in other countries, have largely lost the knowledge that still lives on the Yamal land.

Application list:

Appendix 1 - Nenets doll

Appendix 2 - Nenets men's clothing

Appendix 3 - Nenets women's clothing

Appendix 4 - bone carving craft

Appendix 6 - song folklore

Appendix 7 - artistic sewing from cloth and cloth

Appendix 8 - toys of Nenets children

List of used literature:

Borko G.I., Galkin V.T. Culture of the peoples of Yamal. 2002

Nikiforov SV. Great Encyclopedia of Yamal. 2004


"Yamal Meridian". No.5 (73) / 2002

Rugin R.V. Historical and cultural popular science journal
"Yamal Meridian". No.2 (82) / 2003

Annex 1

nenets doll

Appendix 2

nenets men's clothing

Appendix 3

nenets women's clothing

Appendix 4

bone carving craft

Appendix 5

decorative and applied arts (beads)

Appendix 6

song folklore

Appendix 7

artistic sewing from broadcloth and fabric

Appendix 8

toys of nenets children

Municipal budgetary educational institution

"Secondary School No. 3", Tarko-Sale

Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District, Purovsky District

Music lesson summary
in grade 5
« Holidays and customs of the peoples of Yamal. " "Nenets folk holidays »

prepared

music teacher

Lemesheva Elza Viktorovna

Tarko-Sale

2014

Topic: "Nenets Folk Holidays"

Targets and goals:

Study the history of the heritage of the indigenous peoples of Yamal.

To expand knowledge about the folk traditions of Yamal.

Get acquainted with the history of the musical art of the northern peoples.

Equipment: Interactive board, music center, national handicrafts.

Content:

Vedas: Hello guys! Today you and I will make an amazing journey through the native land in which we live, across our Yamal!

Do you know what peoples live in Yamal? Let's name these nationalities.

Children's answer: Khanty, Nenets.

Vedas: Right. And today we will take a closer look at the culture of the Nenets people.

Slide 1

The Nenets song "Bell" performed by Gabriel Lagei

Vedas: The traditional culture of the peoples of the North (Khanty and Nenets) has evolved over the centuries. She was maximally adapted to the natural conditions of their habitation and was subject to certain laws passed down from one generation to another.

Slide 2

Nentsy are the indigenous population of the European North and the north of western Siberia. Two ethnographic groups are distinguished: the tundra Nenets and the forest Nenets, distinguished by family and clan composition, dialect, and some cultural features. The traditional branch of the economy of the Nenets throughout the territory of their residence is hunting, fishing, and reindeer husbandry.

As you know, the Nenets do not have traditional folk holidays, but there are days of great joy.

Slide 3

This is the birthday of the child, the arrival of welcome guests and relatives, and finally, the creation of a new family - a wedding.

A person's birthday is celebrated only once in a lifetime after the baby's umbilical cord falls off. This is a holiday for adults only, and the birthday man himself will never celebrate his birthday until the end of his life, and he will not know how his name day was. On the occasion of the birth of a child, a young fawn is slaughtered, and elderly women who have taken birth are presented with gifts. As a rule, these are small gifts: for example, braided braids, pieces of cloth, items for hygiene procedures, etc., a knife is given to the midwife to cut the umbilical cord.

As a result of long communication with the Russian population, the European Nenets began to celebrate some of the Orthodox holidays. Linking them with the periods of their reindeer herding and fishing cycle. Here are some of them (old style):

Slide 4

March 25 - Vorna Yalya (Annunciation; the beginning of spring migrations);
April 23 - Yegor Yalya (it was believed that by this time it was necessary to approach the hotel places);
May 9 - Nicolas Yalya (beginning of ice drift);
June 29 - Petrov yalya (the end of the sinking fishing, the beginning of the weed fishing);
July 20 - Ilyin Yalya (mid-summer);
August 15 - Assumption of the yalya (slaughter of deer for malitsa);
September 1 - Semyon Yalya (before this day they handed over sands, hired for fishing);
New Year's Eer'yal cheese (mid-winter).

Vedas: Nenets old-timers remember how in the old days they themselves and their ancestors celebrated the spring holiday of presenting the heavenly Thunder God with a deer. In the Panha Pyak family, this event took place like this.

The family of Panhi Pyak went to their sacred hill "Kavr nat ka" to sacrifice deer to the Gods of Water, Sky and Thunder. Pyak Panhai climbed the ridge of the hill, tied a gray dummy to a tree, took off his belt with a small bag on a suede cord, took out a knot from it and laid it at the roots of a larch. The deer was taken out on level ground with its muzzle to the east. Three men killed the deer, and when he let out his last sighs, raising his head to the sky, Pyak untied the knot and tied it to a larch branch. They ripped open the belly of a deer, the men took out and laid its entrails on the snow. When hot blood filled the belly, the person who sacrificed it, scooped up warm deer blood and slowly walked to the Pur River. He knelt down and poured blood into the fast flow of the river, while bending over the water, saying a sacred prayer to the God-spirit of Water.

Slide 5

“Omnipresent, give us good luck in the summer catch of fish for our children to eat! Do not take away the spirit of my people during the autumn and summer period. " Do not disturb us with the sound of strong waves. Save the livestock of our deer. "

Having finished the sacred prayer, they sat down around the carcass of a deer. They put a fish on the head of the dead deer, sprinkled its mouth with reindeer blood, and proceeded to the meal. In the meantime, they killed the white deer of the choir (male deer), sacrificing it to the God of Heaven - Thunder. And they made from a twig an image - a symbol of God-Thunder in the form of a bird, anointing it with blood and a birch at the roots. At the same time, a prayer is pronounced:

Slide 6

“O great master of heaven, we live under you. Our life is visible at a glance. We ask you, from the top looking eye, to bring good luck to our tribe, a warm summer, a lot of game, berries, mushrooms for deer. To avoid mosquitoes and gadflies, there was no intense heat. Save us and our pastures from fires, thunder and lightning. "

All the relatives of Panha Pyak sat around the slaughtered deer, ate and drank fresh deer blood and tea from fragrant leaves. In the evening, everyone departed to their plagues, joyful from the fact that they had fulfilled their duty to the God of Heaven.
This custom is a thing of the past. The law of nature: everything flows, everything changes.

Children perform "Dance of the Deer"

Slide 7

Vedas: The Reindeer Herder's Day is a traditional, annual national holiday of the Nenets, connected with their economic activities. It is organized on a district or district scale, usually in spring. A large number of people gather for it. On this holiday, among the national types of competitions, the most common are reindeer sled races, throwing tynzei (lasso), ax, jumping over sledges, tug of a stick.

Slide 8

Traditional sled jumping competitions are interesting. Several sledges (usually as many as there are empty empty sledges) are set parallel to each other at a distance of half a meter. Jumps are made with two legs together, first in one direction, then in the opposite direction, as long as there is enough strength. Good jumpers jump over 30 or more sledges without rest.

Slide 9

The stick is pulled while sitting, resting the feet against each other (there are options).
Slide 10

Tynzei are thrown on a stick set vertically, trochee, on the heads of the sled. The ax is thrown at range.

Reindeer sled racing is a beautiful and exciting sight. The best deer are selected, the harness is decorated with ribbons, strips of rovduga, multi-colored cloth. Depending on the season, four or six deer are harnessed. Competitions are held for speed, but those present invariably appreciate the beauty of the deer running, their color (white deer have always been considered the most beautiful), etc.

All these types of competitions are for men. Women occasionally only took part in deer races. Among other games and fun in the open air, one can note women's games - blind man's buff, ring, - which differ from similar Russian games. So, for example, when playing a ring, it was often passed from hand to hand, and not along a rope.

Slide 11

On the Reindeer Breeder's Day, usually national treats are prepared (reindeer meat, planes). Fairs are organized where products of national handicrafts are sold.

A folklore group performs a song

Vedas: This was the end of our first trip across the expanses of Yamal. We are waiting for you at the next meeting, where we will tell you about the traditions of the Khanty people.

Slide 12